Vare le yelbulo

Kwame Nkrumah

Maale a liŋkere eŋ
Yizie Wikipiideɛ
Kwame Nkrumah
nensaala
Dɔɔ bee pɔge bee dɔgebodɔɔ Maale eŋ
Dɔgebo paaloŋGold Coast zɔɔ faabo meŋɛ, Ghana Maale eŋ
Name in native languageKwame Nkrumah Maale eŋ
Yo-ennaa bee yoporaaKwame Maale eŋ
Family nameNkrumah Maale eŋ
Dɔgebo bebiri21 Sentɔmbare 1909 Maale eŋ
Dɔgebo zieNkroful Maale eŋ
Kūū bebiri27 Kyɛpire 1972 Maale eŋ
Place of deathBucharest Maale eŋ
Manner of deathnatural causes Maale eŋ
Cause of deathskin cancer, prostate cancer Maale eŋ
Place of burialKwame Nkrumah Mausoleum, Accra, Nkroful Maale eŋ
Spouse Maale eŋ
ChildGamal Nkrumah, Samia Nkrumah, Sekou Nkrumah Maale eŋ
Native languageFante Maale eŋ
Kɔkɔyelii, sɛge ne bee goligoluuAkan, Nzema Language, Fante, Bɔrefɔ Maale eŋ
TonnoɔrePɔleteesa, writer, diplomat, lecturer Maale eŋ
Zanne laLincoln University, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education, Achimota School, Lincoln University Maale eŋ
Honorific suffixPrivy Council of the United Kingdom Maale eŋ
KpɛzieRin Grand Hotel Maale eŋ
Work locationElmina, Axim Maale eŋ
Politikal paati mɛmbaConvention People's Party, United Gold Coast Convention Maale eŋ
Candidacy in election1960 Ghanaian presidential election Maale eŋ
Ŋmene bee sagediibuKiristaaloŋ Maale eŋ
Partner in business or sportDavid Wilberforce Kwami Dawson Maale eŋ
Participant inConference on Africa Maale eŋ
Military or police rankfield marshal Maale eŋ
Magnum opusAfrica Must Unite Maale eŋ
Member ofPhi Beta Sigma Maale eŋ
Kyɔɔtaare o naŋ nyɛLenin Peace Prize, Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo, Collar of the Order of the White Lion, Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta Maale eŋ
Ghana Place Names URLhttps://sites.google.com/site/ghanaplacenames/places-in-perspective/birthplaces#h.gb1ksetz76dk Maale eŋ

Dr. Francis Kwame Nkrumah (21 kavaare kyuu 1909-27 boŋŋo kyuu 1972) da e la Ghanaian pɔleteese, political theorist, ane revolutionary. Ona da daŋ e a prime minister danweɛ soba ane Ghana yidaandɔɔ, naŋ de weɛ neŋ Gold Coast ka ba nyɛ sommeŋɛ yi Britain 1957 poɔ.[1] Pan-Africanism, nɔmɛlmɛ neɛ, Nkrumah da e la mɛmba ko a organization of African unity ane neɛ naŋ di a Lenin peace prize yi a Soviet Union 1962 poɔ.[2]

Yuomo pie ne ayi puoriŋ onaŋ wa be paaloŋ yobo tageraa o zannoo duoro saa, meɛrɛ o political philosophy ane nara ne o taa diasporic Pan-Africanists, Nkrumah leɛ wa la Gold Coast na piili o pɔletekal yɛlɛ naŋ e meŋɛ zɔɔ faabo. [3]O meɛ la Nɔdaa Paate (CPP), naŋ nyɛ baabo weoŋ yi o unprecedented appeal to the common voter. [4]O leɛ la prime minister 1952 poɔ ane o leɛ are la ana vuo na Ghana naŋ wa nyɛ sommeŋɛ yi Britain 1957 poɔ. 1960 poɔ, Ghanaians da neɛ la nu iri bɛgɛ gampaalaa kyɛ ɛlɛte Nkrumah Yidaandɔɔ.[5]

O naaŋ da are la socialist ane nationalist. O kaa la national industrial ane faŋa yɛlɛ, a eŋ baabo ganzanne eŋɛ oŋ e kpeɛŋaa ane a zɛge Pan-Africanist yipɔge oŋ do saa. Nkrumah wagere, Ghana toŋ la international yelerre yaga African a decolonization wagere.[6]

A zɔɔ maaroŋ wagere, Nkrumah da e la bone na a Wɛse naŋ maŋ boɔle ka authoritarian regime Ghana poɔ.

Kwame Nkrumah ma yuori da la Elizabeth Nyanibah aŋ da yi Anon juriyɛ. Ka o ba meŋ yuori da e Kofi Nɡonloma aŋ da yi juriyɛ ŋa baŋ boɔna ka "Elephant". O da deɛ Helena Ritz Fathia Nkrumah baŋ da dɔɡe biihi bata, Francis Gokeh, Sarmiah Yarba aneŋ Sekou Ritz.[7]

Yelkorɔ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Pampana yelkorɔ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A Kumasi College ko Technology maŋ yuo la a 22 January 1952 neŋ 200 teekyare karembiiri naŋ yi Achimota wa, ka ba wa piili a a kolagyi. A October 1952, a sakuuri ko Engineering ane a Department ko Commerce da piilee naŋ da e a dɛndɛŋ soba. A Pharmacy Department da piilee January 1953, neŋ neɛ naŋ da e tontonna ko a Pharmacy yi a Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, ko a kolagyi. A department da zanna la yuomo ayi comprehensive course naŋ be a Pharmacy naŋ da vɛŋ ka ba maŋ terɛ Pharmacy Board Certificate. A Department ko a Agriculture meŋ da yuo la a yuoŋyeni ŋa poɔ naŋ da tere ad hoc zannoo dɔlɔ ko wagere mine, yi wagere fēē mine te wagere gyamaa mine, ko a Ministry of Agriculture. A Department ko General Studies da maalɛɛ ka o da wule biiri naŋ be Higher School Certificate Examinations kyaare Science ane Arts zanno dɔlɔ ane ka ba tere sobie zannoo dɔlɔ mine naŋ taa boɔbo mine ko departments sere mine.

Yi 1952 te ta 1955, a sakuuri ko Engineering da kyɔɔrɛɛ sakubiiri kyaare neŋ professional qualifications yoŋ. A 1955, da taa la zannoo neŋ dɔlɔ mime naŋ da be a University of London Bachelor ko Engineering External Degree Examinations.

A 1957, a sakuuri ko Architecture, Town Planning ane Building meŋ da piilee. A o sakubiiri dɛndɛŋ soba da piilee January 1958, kyaare professional zannoo dɔlɔ

A kolagyi da yɔlɛɛ, o da eɛ a Kumasi kolagyi ko Technology naŋ da e science ane technology sakuuri. Mere naŋ beebe, a teekyɛre tureeni kolagyi, neŋ a ba paalebo ko Art Sakuuri, da la leɛre la yi January 1958, ko a Winneba tureeni kolagyi; a 1959 a Commerce Department da leɛre gaa la Achimota ka o da maale a Sakuuri kyaare Administration naŋ be a University of Ghana, Legon.

A December 1960, a Gɔbena ko a Ghana da iree neɛ ko a University Commission ka o tere kpaamo kyaare neŋ a university zannoo saazu duobu yeltare, neŋ yeltare ka ba leɛre a University kolagyi gaaneŋ Ghana ane a Kumasi College of Technology gaaneŋ someŋɛ University of Ghana. Duoruu tuubu mine yi a commission naŋ da yi wieoŋ a 1961, a gɔbena da maalɛɛ a sommenne univɛnitiri naŋ be a Kumasi ane Legon, Accra. A Kumasi Kolagyi ko Technology da leɛre la gaa, yineŋ kaabo naŋ da be a R. P. Baffour, ko a full-fledged university, ane a yuori Kwame Nkrumah University of Science ane Technology yi a merɛ naŋ be a Parliament a 22 August 1961. A yuori da eɛ puoraa ko Kwame Nkrumah, naŋ e a dɛndɛŋ prime minister kyɛ ta wagere kaŋa da e a president ko a Ghana.

A January 1966, Marr Grounds, naŋ e American/Australian yielŋmeɛrɛ naŋ kpeɛrɛ California, da nyɛ la iruuŋ kaŋa naŋ e karema ko a architecture a da maale yuomo ayi, kyɛ pãã da la leɛroo gaa a University of Sydney School ko Architecture, Design ane Planning a 1968.

A yuori da taa leɛroo gaaneŋ University of Science ane Technology yi a zɔɔre puoriŋ a 24 February 1966. A University ko Science ane Technology da piilee a Wednesday, 20 November 1961. Neŋ a lɛ zaa, a merɛ kaŋa a Parliament (Act 559 a 1998) da leɛrɛɛ a yuori gaaneŋ a yuori meŋɛ waaloŋ, a Kwame Nkrumah University ko Science ane Technology, Kumasi.

Kampuusiri

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Kumasi kampuusi

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A Kumasi kampuusi la a kampuusi kpoŋ ko a university. O na baŋ taɛ mɛlɛ ayɔpoi a zieŋ ane mɛlɛ anii (13 km) ko a east a Kumasi. O taa la a Central Administration ane deri menne mine.

Obuasi kampuusi

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A Obuasi kampuusi piiluu saŋa da la a 4 November 2020 neŋ o da naŋ taa a inception a yuoni 2019 gba. O taa la 15 undergraduate programmes, naŋ e zannoo dɔlɔ ayɔpoi ko Engineering programmes, zannoo dɔlɔ anaare ko Business Administration programmes, zannoo dɔlɔ ata ko Allied Health Sciences programmes ane zannoo dɔlɔ yeni ko Science programme.

Organization ane administration

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Principal ɔfisiri

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A principal officers ko a university la a chancellor, chairman ko a University Council ane vice-chancellor. A 2018, a wederoŋ vuo kyaare a chancellor da taa soɔbo ko a Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II.

Nyovori piiloo ane kanno-yelitaree

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Gold Coast

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Kwame Nkrumah dogebu da e la Tuesday daare , 21 September 1909 [8][9]a Nkroful, Gold Coast (now Ghana)[10][11]. Nkroful da e la kuri bile a Nzema area, nang be a southwest ko a Gold Coast, nang pieli a frontier ning a French colony a ko a Ivory Coast. O ba da ba kpeira ning o yideme , kye da tona a Half Assini ziena ung zanne o goldsmith daabu yelitarihi awaana o kuung[12]. Kwame Nkrumah o ma ane yideme da guoloo, noba nang lang kpeira ane lasiri kye taa dogeriba nang be toori nang mang wa nyeba wagere ne wagere.O da kpeiree peenhibu o biibiilong wagere , a kuraa poung , a moo puong, nang da pieli a mani [13].

Wagere na o nang da be a sakuuri bie a United States, ba da buonoo ka Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi da e la Akan yuori ba nang mang ku dɔɔ ba doge Fridays[14]. Pouring ung leuhi a youri gaa Kwame Nkrumah in 1945 in the UK,yoe buoraa "Kwame"[15][16]. A duoho a yi Ebenezer Obiri Addo o karembo gaa nimbituori paalikaara, a yuori "Nkrumah", a lasiri yuori ba nang mang ko a ninth child, wolee ka Kwame ‘mine kangang nyee zie a o Ba deu , nie nang taa poeba gyemaa[17].

O Ba, Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, yie Nkroful nang be a Nzema East pampana ba buola Ellembele, ung da e a Asona clan of the Akan Tribe. ziiri wolee ka Ngolomah kpee a Tarkwa-Nsuaem ane ung tung a goldsmith business[18].

Ngolomah da taa gyirima ko a yeng ane kawani ko noba nang boura kawani yi o lasiri yela ane deu yele-taaree.O da kpiye ayuoni 1927[19][20].

Kwame da e la o Ma biyeni [21]. O gaanoo a elementary school nang da kaara yi a Catholic mission a Half Assini, ziena ung a sagi ka o e ye sakuri bizigilii[22] .

Anaazaa ka o Ma , nie ba nang da buola Elizabeth Nyanibah (1876/77–1979)[23][24], puoring da leu yelee ka dogibo bebiri 1912, Nkrumah segee ka o dogibo bebiri e la 21 September 1909. O Ma yire e la Nsuaem kye ung yi a Agona family. o da e la zingkuora ane yaagu e-ra wagere ung da kuli sera[25]. o dogibo beri anii puoring , o Ba da buoloo ka Francis Nwia-Kofi o nang da e dogera [26]kanga yuori,puori ka o ba ne o ma koo ka Francis Kwame Ngolomah[27]

O ‘nimbi-toori gaabu ning a yuon- pie fora-yeli-irihi yuomo anii puong . A yuoni 1925, o da e la bibiiri karemkanna a sakuri ane ung da e baptized nang be Catholic faith[28].kye da be a sakuuu ,noba buoloo ka Reverend Alec Garden Fraser, ning kpong ko a Government Training College (soon to become Achimota School) nang be a Gold Coast's capital, Accra. Fraser maali ‘bing ko Nkrumah ka o zanne ŋa a karema nang be sakuu[29] . ziena, Columbia-educated deputy headmaster Kwegyir Aggrey da e-roo kyaare a teiha yi Marcus Garvey ane W. E. B. Du Bois. Aggrey, Fraser, ane ning jaani a Achimota puong anaazaa ka langtaa na bilabe ko a baloo kpachage nang kaara a Gold Coast, kye Nkrumah, echoing Garvey, leu wa teiha ka ningsagne baloo minga kaabo da naang tuong taa haakili‘yeni ba buuri kpachaga[30][31].

Ung da nye o karima mine sieree gbangu yi a Prince of Wales' College a Achimota a yuoni 1930[32], Nkrumah da nyee karembu toma nang be Roman Catholic primary school in Elmina a yuoni 1931[33]. A pari a pari yuoni boyeni, o da e la a karima mine ning kpong ko a Axim. A Axim, o da piilee kpieree paalikaa yelitarihikye leu te be a Nzema Literary Society. A yuoni 1933, ba e-roo ung e karema ko a Catholic seminary at Amissano[34][35]. Anaazaa ka be kpiebo da e la tuo ,kye o un

da nung bila, ane o na da buora ka o leu Jesuit. Nkrumah o da wonye a ‘duohi-seura ane nimbituri Nigerian paalikaara Nnamdi Azikiwe yela kye sukuri biiri a Achimota; a daba bai da nyee taa kye [36] Azikiwe's haakila teibo da paahi Nkrumah nungbo a black nationalism[37].A karema bile da buora ka o karim gaa nimbituori. Azikiwe da gaa la Lincoln University, a historically black college nang be Chester County, Pennsylvania, west ko Philadelphia, kye e Nkrumah kawani ka o kpe be[38].

Nkrumah,da fieliye u daanuori; teesi ko a London University,o da nyee sungbo ko o yuobo ane o sakuuri yelitaree yi o dogereba seng .o da chenye gaa Britain, ziena ung zanne, ko o nimbikuoniiyi Italy's ngmaabu ko Ethiopia, a paaloo bonyeni kanga yi a independent African nations. o da gaa a United States, a October 1935[39][40][41]

United States

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A yi ayeli’kori seuseura John Henrik Clarke o atiklehi ku a Nkrumah's American sojourn, " a haakila leubo yi a yuom-pie ung nang da be a United States da taa naaribo jeri nyiibu ko o nyovore chelee nang kpaling." Nkrumah da moo nye kpiebu ko Lincoln University wagere kanga seni ung piilee karembo a beng[42].

Nkrumah da baaree a Bachelor of Arts degree a economics ane sociology a yuoni 1939. Lincoln leu e-roo ung e‘wuliwulo sungna a bambu bii daanhibu buobu.O da piilii diaree buolibo ka o e a saamba nie ang muola Ngmini yela a Presbyterian churches in Philadelphia ane New York[43][44]. A yuoni 1939, Nkrumah da kpe a Lincoln's seminary ane a Ivy League institution, a University of Pennsylvania nang be Philadelphia ane a yuoni 1942,o da piilii tuni a Mu chapter of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity at Lincoln University[45]. Nkrumah nyee a Bachelor of Theology degree yi a Lincoln a 1942, a karembi-zudaana a koose . O sanyeu diabo yi a Penn a tuuro a yuoni a Master ko Arts degree nang be philosophy ane a Master of Science in education[46]. Wagere a Penn, Nkrumah tomee ning a kokojera ‘wono William Everett Welmers, a kuro a yelibo bungma nang maali a munpiilee ku a fora descriptive grammar ko a teng-be Fante dialect of the Akan language. Nkrumah ming da piilee tuma ning a Prince Hall Freemasonry kye da kpiera a United States[47][48].

Nkrumah da kannee bukuri agaa paalikaa yelitarihi ane Ngminihung yela zannuu , ane biirii karembo a bambu bii daanhibu buobu[49]. A yuoni 1943 Nkrumah da nyee Trinidadian Marxist C. L. R. James, Russaian long paalijaala Raya Dunayevskaya, ane Chinese-American Grace Lee Boggs,ba zaa da e la membare ko a American-based Marxist intellectual cohort[50]. Nkrumah puoring da tiehi yeli ‘ku ye James ning o karembo "bila tenge muni toma chene mang be[51] ". Federal Bureau of Investigation gbama ing’zie ko Nkrumah, kpeling yi a January to May 1945,da wuloo nie ang tuong sagi ‘komunizim[52]. Nkrumah da e la siiri ka o gaa London, a buora ka o nang kanne gaa ‘nimbi-toori a Second World War da baaree[53] . James, a yuoni1945 puori wulee Nkrumah to Trinidad-born George Padmore a London,seuye: " A dau baapaala waana o zie .O da ba e nimbiyuoro,kye anaa-zaa da erakura o le ne ung na tuong bonso o da eraa siri ka o za Europeans yi a Africa[54]."

London

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nkrumah da leu gaaye London a May 1945 puong kye kpe a London School of Economics aŋa a PhD ning‘lugiroo a Anthropology. O da leu eree a sukuu ‘biihi ‘yuobu ti ta ba bahibu puoring a yuoni pring ung da kpe University College London, ning a nimbi-zie ing ka o seu a bambu bii daanhibu buobu siing lemeleme a "Knowledge and Logical Positivism"[55]. o ningkpong , A. J. Ayer, zaanhibu ka o maahi nye Nkrumah aŋa a "first-class philosopher",a yela , "ing nungla o yela ane a mang ‘wong noo ning o yeliyaga kye o da ba ‘woning wa ung taa haakila . O da buora ‘ihi jugihibu nuori wieng ‘wieng. ing teiha ka tilahi chelee da e la ka o da ba cheliha kpiengaa ko a yelinyogiruu . bila da e la sori nang wono a wagere a gara ka a sori ‘yuobu wa ka o leu gaa Gaana[56] ." A baaraa , Nkrumah da kpee , kye da ba baare , a karimbo ko begu a Gray's Inn[57].

Nkrumah dia o wagere ko paalikaa-yelitare langbo o minga ane Padmore da paahiye a zu-daana lambu ‘yi-diereba, ane libi-kaareba ,ko a Fifth Pan-African Congress a Manchester (15–19 October 1945)[58]. A gbebogu-ahiba langbo ‘bigihi ta a .taanhu yelitarihi segihibu ko a vuori saamba wa die paaluu kaara.Ba da sagi a ‘tu bau a federal United States of Africa, ning with liriha taa paaloo lambo, a kaara yi welihibo paalihi ko ngmaa sori berii kpiengu[59]. Ba da segehiye a tu bau ko a new African lasiri kye ba taa dogirii welibu,yeli ka-n-yeli naang yela ning lang’dima tumbo, laanha lanna taaba dangkaari yeli ‘lombori kanga ning bungpaalaa tiehibo , ane ka a bila nga nye yi non-violent wulee ka a na e la tuongbo[60]. A paahi noba nang gaa a lambo da e la bungtiinhuu W. E. B. Du Bois a ning mine nang da dia yidiebo toma ka ba e yi-dieriba ko a paaloo so-n-minga deme a paahi Hastings Banda of Nyasaland (nang leu Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta ko Kenya ane Obafemi Awolowo koNigeria[61][62].

1966 coup d'état

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

See also: National Liberation Council § 1966 coup

A February 1966, kye ka Nkrumah da bila sori gara ka o ta nye a North Vietnam ane China, o paalikaa da ihi nie naalung ‘kogong a miihuu coup d'état ang dia zu yi a paaloo military ane police forces, ning sungbu yi a civil service[63]. A noba nang da buora ka ba toung beu conspirators, ‘yie diera da e-ye Joseph Arthur Ankrah, da kuye ba mine yuori ka a National Liberation Council ane o kaabo awa soje yela paalikaabo yuomo ata agaa . Nkrumah da zanne ko a coup sene ung da te-ta a China. A coup puoring,Nkrumah da kpee a Beijing beri anaare, ane Premier Zhou Enlai da kaakoo ning gyirima [64][65].

Foomaraa leubu ane kuung

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Main article: Death and state funeral of Kwame Nkrumah

Nkrumah kpeing a 27 April 1972, a Bucharest, a teng kpong ku a Romania,ko yela babanginuu kye ang ba sogili baalung. a coup wagere , o daang kpiera a Guinean teng-kpong ko Conakry, ang jeng ‘tengeng wagiri nga.

Daanhibu ane Cheng bung

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

O wagere, Nkrumah da nyee Kyɔɔtaɛ ko awarded honorary doctorates yi universities jemaa a paahi Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), Moscow State University (USSR), Cairo University (Egypt), Jagiellonian University (Poland), ane Humboldt University (East Germany)[66].

A yi a ‘nimbiyuo ‘sieree gbanseu ‘binnuu barebo yi a U.S. Department of State's Office of the Historian, "Nkrumah da e-ree yele gyemaa ka o ligiri bung ‘muning ko a [U.S. government] buobo gang a black African jaa[67] ."

A September 2009, President John Atta Mills da wulee a 21 September (the 100th anniversary of Kwame Nkrumah's birth) ung e a Founders' Day, a kparaama pennuu ‘bebiri a Gaana ka ba teihe a nabaali yela ko Kwame Nkrumah[68]. A April 2019, President Akufo-Addo da sagi ku a Public Holidays (Amendment) Act 2019 nang leure a 21 September yi Founders' Day gaaKwame Nkrumah Memorial Day[69].

Meŋa nyɔvore-yele

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Kwame Nkrumah kulee Fathia Ritzk, an Egyptian Coptic bank tongtuna ane sakuuri karema koree , a ‘zi-maanii o na da waana a Gaana pou: New Year's Eve, 1957–1958[70]. Fathia's ma da zaahiye ka o buoli ngmini ko o ba kuli-taa yele ne puong, o bie kanga nang da yi ne a dau saana[71][72].

Aŋa kuli-taa deme, Fathia ane Nkrumah da taa biiri bata : Gamal (born 1958), Samia (born 1960) ane Sekou (born 1964). Gamal da e la ‘duohi-saamba gbangu seura , ky ka Samia ane Sekou ming da e la paalikaa tuntuniba . Nkrumah da taa bidau zaala, Francis, a paediatrician (born 1935)[73][74][75][76].

O Yeli yaɡa Ŋmaara Mine

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

"N nuŋ yɛŋ ka N so n meŋa kyɛ be dɔɡee poɔŋ ɡaa ka N ta so n meŋa"

"Ghana meŋa soubu ba tare tɔna jaa ka Africa paaluu jaa ba so o meŋa"

"Africa taree sɔre ka te laŋtaa"

"Nimitɔɔre ɡaabu yoŋ, boɔre ɡaabu kyibe"

"Eŋ ba e neɛ aŋ yɛli ka N yie Africa baŋ dɔɡe ma Africa kye juŋ, eŋ eɛ neɛ aŋ yi Africa bojuŋ ba dɔɡee Africa eŋ eŋan"

"Te ihee panpana. Te daŋ kula ɡbihi jaa. Aŋ yi jine ɡara, Africa paalaa waɛ dunee"

"Ka neɛ era yɛla kyɛ ba tieha eɛ yelkpala. Ka neɛ tieha kyɛ ba ihi era eɛ wa jɔŋloŋ"[77]

"Neɛ jaa aŋ yi Africa, ka e bie "North" bee "South America", "Carrabean" dɛme bee dunee lombori jiejaa baŋ be eɛ nuba aŋ yi Africa"[78]

"Meŋa soɔbu ba e boŋ eŋ na de ko neɛ a wa kyeotaa. Yɛ boŋ la neɛ meŋ jaa koŋ baŋ bimuu koɛ"[79]

vuune toma mine

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nkrumah's da terɛɛ sommo ko a industrial development, sommo ko a Minister of Finance, Komla Agbeli Gbedema, ko a Volta River Project: a Meɛbo ko a hydroelectric power plant, a Akosombo Dam kyaare a Volta River a eastern Ghana. A Volta River Project da la a duoruu terɛ ko Nkrumah's economic programme. A 20 February 1958, o da yeli ko la National Assembly: "n taa la sagedeebo kpeɛŋaa ko a Volta River Project naŋ maŋ terɛ a sobie naŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka te kpɛ a economic independence." Ghana da nyɛ sommo yi United States, Israel ane a World Bank ka ba mɛ dampo.

Kaiser Aluminum da sagɛɛ ka ba da mɛ a dampo ko Nkrumah, kyɛ da are neŋ feeroŋ neŋ boma na ba naŋ na de maale neŋ a fintindigili. Nkrumah da pɛŋɛɛ libie ka ba da mɛ neŋ a dampo, naŋ da vɛŋ sanne da be a Ghana. Ka ba da soŋ yɔɔ a sane, o da duorɛɛŋ zuyɔɔ naŋ be cocoa koɔreba a south. Ŋaa da vɛŋɛɛ nimikpɛ yɛlɛ da bebe. A dampo Meɛbo da baarɛɛ kyɛ naŋ piili a Nkrumah amidst global publicity a 22 January 1966.

Nkrumah da wanne la Ghana Nuclear Reactor Project a 1961, naŋ taa piiluu a Ghana Atomic Energy Commission a 1963, ane a 1964 naŋ da vɛŋ a kuuri dɛndɛŋ ka o da e a atomic energy facility.

Cocoa

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A 1954 a tendaa zaa cocoa daaroŋ da zɛge do ko a cocoa koɔba ka ba are ko windfall, Nkrumah da senne neŋ la a duobu ko central government levies, naŋ da vɛŋ ka o da areko a national development projects. A yɛlɛ ama mine da soŋ o la ka o da la do wederoŋ.

Boma daaroŋ da naŋ duoro saa. A 1960 a cocoa baagyi daaroŋ da arɛɛ £250 a London. A August 1965 a daaroŋ da arɛɛ £91. A daaroŋ duobu da sigee yi a Gɔbena naŋ da areko a boŋguri ane koɔba ka ba da nyɛ a arekoobo.

Saakonnoŋ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nkrumah da eɛ ardent promoterko a pan-Africanism, naŋ nyɛ gaabo e "quest for regional integration of the whole of the African continent". A saŋa ko Nkrumah's nimizeeloŋ ko politisi taa la mannoo naŋ e "golden age of high pan-African ambitions"; a continent da nyɛɛ nationalist movements ane decolonization ko a European colonial powers, ane historians da nyɛ la duoruu ka "a mannoo ane solidarity da nyɛɛ momentum naŋ be a pan-Africanist movement". Naŋ leɛ teɛre African heritage, Nkrumah gbɛɛ gyamaa na maŋ eschewed Western fashion, donning a fugu (a Northern attire) naŋ taa Southern-produced Kente cloth, a banaa taa la bambo. O da paalɛɛ a piiluu a Ghana Museum a 5 March 1957; a Arts Council of Ghana, a wing ko a Ministry of Education ane Culture, a 1958; a Research Library a African Affairs a June 1961; ane a Ghana Film Corporation a 1964. A 1962, Nkrumah naŋ taa yuobu a Institute of African Studies.

A campaign yineŋ nudity naŋ be a northern naŋ paale a teŋɛ naŋ nyɛ special attention yi Nkrumah, naŋ da nyɛ Propaganda Secretary Hannah Cudjoe ka ba tere yeluu. Cudjoe meŋ da maalɛɛ a Ghana Women's League, naŋ da zɛge a Party's agenda kyaare nutrition, biiri guoluu, ane bonsuuri suubu. A League meŋ da la yi la zɔɔre naŋ da taa sommo ko French nuclear weapons a Sahara. Cudjoe wasda iree consolidation kyaare national women's groups, a da vɛŋ sentaaloŋ be a Party poɔŋ.

Merɛ da bebe a 1959 ane 1960 naŋ da kyaare wederoŋ mine a parliament naŋ da taa wederoŋ neŋ pɔge. Pɔgeba mine da taa la zɛgebo gaa CPP Central Committee. Pɔgeba gyamaa da gaa la Yunivɛniti, a da furi tonsonne mine teseŋ medicine ane law, kyɛ da la gaa neŋ professional trips a Israel, a Soviet Union, ane a Eastern Bloc. Pɔgeba meŋ da kpɛɛ sogyaaloŋ ane air force. Pɔgeba gyamaa da be la koɔbo ane yɛroŋ; bamine da nyɛɛ sommo yi Co-operative Movement.

Nkrumah's enfuomo da yɛre pɔgɛɛ a zie zaa, teseŋ, a postage stamps ane a libie, naŋ taa yitaaloŋ neŋ monarchs – naŋ terɛ fodder gɛgɛroŋ naŋ bebe ko Nkrumahist ka o paalɛɛ kɔlt.

Increased power of the Convention People's Party

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A 1962, baapaaba Mɛmbare bata mine naŋ be CPP da taa la eebo kyaare plot ka ba da saa Nkrumah's lɔɔrɛ naŋ be a motorcade. A yelmennoŋ naŋ be kyaare a plotters la na da zoe a lɔɔrɛ yineŋ a Nkrumah's lɔɔrɛ. A naŋ wuli ka a guguro da bebe la, Nkrumah da iree a guguro o tomaŋ naŋ be a state security court, kyɛ da vɛŋ a CPP-dominated parliament biŋ merɛ kyaare ne a yɛlɛ. A gbɛre boyi soba, dɔba bata zaa da taa kūū yi a yɛlɛ, kyɛ a naŋ wuli ka a nyɔgebo ŋa da wuli ka ba gaa pɔgebo dieŋ a ba nyɔvori gbuli zaa. Yi a be, a begemaale ganne da leɛ taa maalo kaa ba da ko a perɛsidɛn faŋa ka o da iri a gyaagyiri naŋ be a ɔfere naŋ zaa.

A 1964, Nkrumah da maalɛɛ begimaaale ganne yɛlɛ leɛroo naŋ na vɛŋ a CPP ka o da e a politikal paate naŋ taa sagedeebo, neŋ Nkrumah ka o e a perɛsidɛn ko a teŋɛ ane a paati.Gane leɛroo da taa la sagedeebo neŋ 99.91 % yi a kɔɔ poɔ vootu bie, naŋ da vɛŋ a noba banaŋ na da kaara ka ba da yeli yelgaalema ka a vootu da eɛ "obviously rigged". Ghana da eɛ teŋɛ neŋ paati yeni yi a ba independence. A leɛroo da vɛŋɛɛ Nkrumah's perɛsidɛn da leɛ gaa a de facto legal dictatorship.

Civil service

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Yi a puori kyaare substantial Africanization ko a civil service a 1952–60, a noɔre ko a expatriates da la zɛge do la saa a 1960 te ta 1965. A noba ba naŋ na kaara yiwaabo zie da ba e a United Kingdom kyɛ da e Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, ane Italy.

Kyɔɔtaɛ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Tenne mine Kyɔɔtaɛ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
Ribbon Distinction Country Date Reference
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile  Egypt 1957 Danquah, Moses, ed. (1958). Ghana: One Year Old. A First Independence Anniversary Review. Accra: Publicity Promotions. p. 32. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar Tɛmpileti:Country data Lebanon 1957
Order of the Yugoslav Great Star  Yugoslavia 2 March 1961 "Председник Тито предао председнику Нкрумаху Ореден велике југословенске звезде". Borba (in Serbian). 3 March 1961. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
Collar of the Order of the White Lion  Czechoslovakia 2 August 1961 "Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990" (PDF) (in Czech). Archivu Kanceláře prezidenta republiky. p. 130. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
Lenin Peace Prize  Soviet Union 30 April 1962 "Picasso Gets Lenin Prize". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. 1 May 1962. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic  Italy 25 September 1963 "Elenco dei Cavalieri di Gran Croce, decorati di Gran Cordone dell'Ordine, defunti" (PDF) (in Italian). Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta  Poland 1965 Stela, Wojciech (2008). Polskie ordery i odznaczenia (Vol. I). Warsaw. p. 49.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Supreme Companion of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo  South Africa 16 June 2004(posthumously) "2004 National Orders awards". SouthAfrica.info. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

Kwame Nkrumah Toma O Naŋ Toŋ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
A postage stamp from the Soviet Union marking the 80th anniversary of his birth
Independence Arch in Accra

The essence of neo-colonialism is that the State which is subject to it is, in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international sovereignty. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from outside.

— Tɛmpileti:Comma separated entries

Tigri

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Yelyaga boɔbo leɛ kaa Kwame Nkrumah tigiri

Meŋ Kaa Kyɛ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nkrumah gɔbena

Kyɛle kyɛ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Meŋɛ Nyɔvooroŋ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nimitɔɔre mine kannoo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
  • Arhin, Kwame (1993). The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. ISBN 9780865433953 (08543395X)
  • Baynham, Simon (1988). The Military and Politics in Nkrumah's Ghana. Westview Special Studies on Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc. (Frederick A. Praeger), ISBN 0-8133-70639
  • Biney, Ama. "The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Retrospect." Journal of Pan African Studies 2.3 (2008). online Archived 5 Fɛreboɔre 2021 at the Wayback Machine, historiography
  • Biney, Ama. The political and social thought of Kwame Nkrumah (2011).
  • Biney, Ama. "The Development of Kwame Nkrumah's Political Thought in Exile, 1966–1972." Journal of African History 50.1 (2009): 81–100.
  • Bretton, Henry L. The rise and fall of Kwame Nkrumah: a study of personal rule in Africa (1967).
  • Davidson, Basil (2007) [1973]. Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah. Oxford, UK: James Currey. ISBN 978-1-84701-010-0.
  • Defense Intelligence Agency, "Supplement, Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana Archived 7 Gyoonoɔre 2017 at the Wayback Machine", 12-January-1966.
  • Gerits, Frank. "'When the Bull Elephants Fight': Kwame Nkrumah, Non-Alignment, and Pan-Africanism as an Interventionist Ideology in the Global Cold War (1957–66)." International History Review 37.5 (2015): 951–969.
  • Gocking, Roger S. The History of Ghana (2005).
  • James, C. L. R. (1977). Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution. London: Allison & Busby. ISBN 0-85031-461-5.
  • Mazrui, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". Transition (26): 8–17. doi:10.2307/2934320. JSTOR 2934320.
  • Milne, June. Kwame Nkrumah: a biography (1999).
  • Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2006). "Nyerere and Nkrumah: Towards African Unity". Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era (Third ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: New Africa Press. pp. 347–355. ISBN 0-9802534-1-1.
  • Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2015), Western Involvement in Nkrumah's Downfall. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: New Africa Press. ISBN 9789987160044
  • Omari, T. Peter. Kwame Nkrumah: The anatomy of an African dictatorship (1970).
  • Pinkney, Robert (1972). Ghana Under Military Rule 1966–1969. London: Methuen & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-41675080X
  • Poe, D. Zizwe (2003). Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-African Agency. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-50537-9.
  • Rooney, David. Kwame Nkrumah: The Political Kingdom in the Third World (1988).
  • Rui Lopes & Víctor Barros (2019) "Amílcar Cabral and the Liberation of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde: International, Transnational, and Global Dimensions Archived 1 Gyoonoɔre 2020 at the Wayback Machine." The International History Review.
  • Sanders, Charles L. (September 1966). "Kwame Nkrumah: the Fall of a Messiah". Ebony. USA. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  • Smertin, Yuri. Kwame Nkrumah. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1987.
  • Sonderegger, Arno (2016). "How the Empire Wrote Back: Notes on the Struggle of George Padmore and Kwame Nkrumah". In: Kwame Nkrumah 1909-1972: A Controversial African Visionary. Edited by Bea Lundt and Christoph Marx. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag: 19-38.
  • Tuchscherer, Konrad (2006). "Kwame Francis Nwia Kofie Nkrumah". In Coppa, Frank J (ed.). Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 217–20. ISBN 0-8204-5010-3.
  • "Godfrey Mwakikagile: Eurocentric Africanist?". Intercontinental Book Centre. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  • Žák, Tomáš František (2016). "Applying the Weapon of Theory: Comparing the Philosophy of Julius Kambarage Nyerere and Kwame Nkrumah". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 28 (2): 147–160. doi:10.1080/13696815.2015.1053798 Archived 18 Kyɛpire 2023 at the Wayback Machine. S2CID 146709996.

Ziiri mine Liŋkiri

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
Tɛmpileti:S-dip
Party political offices
New office Leader of the Convention People's Party
1948–66 		Succeeded by
Position abolished
Political offices
New office Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
1952–57 		Succeeded by
Himself as Prime Minister of Ghana
Preceded by
Himself as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
 Prime Minister of Ghana
1957–60

Tɛmpileti:S-vac

New office Minister for Foreign Affairs
1957–58 		Succeeded by
Minister for Defence
1957–60 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister for the Interior
1958 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas Queen of Ghana President of Ghana
1960–66 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister for Foreign Affairs
1962–63 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity
1965–66 		Succeeded by

Sommo Yizie

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
  1. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230361270_4
  2. ↑ https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public
  3. ↑ https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315018775
  4. ↑ https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsil.380651.39088006011662
  5. ↑ https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvk3gm60.17
  6. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19455-4
  7. ↑ "Kwame Nkrumah - Wikipedia" https://tw.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah
  8. ↑ https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/nonviolence-of-Mahatma-Gandhi-in-Ghana.html
  9. ↑ https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/10/10/kwame-nkrumah-lse/
  10. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/03/archives/man-in-the-news-an-african-enigma-kwame-nkrumah.html
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=OcTC2eDx5ZsC&pg=PA1
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230205164542/https://www.uew.edu.gh/lib-fetured/ghana-autobiography-kwame-nkrumah
  13. ↑ https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumah00davi
  14. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press
  15. ↑ https://www.primenewsghana.com/politics/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-day-dr-kwame-nkrumah-a-son-of-the-soil.html
  16. ↑ https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/biography-of-ghana-s-first-president-dr-kwame-nkrumah.html
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20201018205429/http://www.tvafrique.com/kwame-nkrumah/
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170820160658/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/200909/27258.php
  19. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034351/http://www.nkrumahinfobank.org/article.php?id=100&c=11
  20. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=OcTC2eDx5ZsC&pg=PA1
  21. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0785-8
  22. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFRooney
  23. ↑ https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/biography-of-ghana-s-first-president-dr-kwame-nkrumah.html
  24. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170821212904/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2000/499/profile.htm
  25. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u158013
  26. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=OcTC2eDx5ZsC&pg=PA1
  27. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20170820160658/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/200909/27258.php
  28. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1086%2F454260
  29. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFOwusu-Ansah
  30. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFRooney
  31. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFAddo
  32. ↑ https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/biography-of-ghana-s-first-president-dr-kwame-nkrumah.html
  33. ↑ https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/biography-of-ghana-s-first-president-dr-kwame-nkrumah.html
  34. ↑ https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28819/1/10672987.pdf
  35. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200421220037/https://africanakua.com/2019/05/22/women-true-fighters-of-freedom/
  36. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200421220037/https://africanakua.com/2019/05/22/women-true-fighters-of-freedom/
  37. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195301731.013.40103
  38. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230603486
  39. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200421220037/https://africanakua.com/2019/05/22/women-true-fighters-of-freedom/
  40. ↑ https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/222725
  41. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFRooney
  42. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFClarke
  43. ↑ https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/9290/thesis_hum_2014_opokumensah_e.pdf?sequence=1
  44. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200602070935/https://www.mtkenyatimes.co.ke/auto-draft-3/
  45. ↑ https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2067&context=etd
  46. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFRooney
  47. ↑ https://aha.confex.com/aha/2009/webprogram/Paper2449.html
  48. ↑ https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Special-Tribute-to-Dr-Kwame-Nkrumah-286481
  49. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#cite_note-63
  50. ↑ https://www.africanglobe.net/featured/dr-kwame-nkrumah/
  51. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFSherwood
  52. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFSherwood
  53. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddo70-67
  54. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFSherwood
  55. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1086%2F649838
  56. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFSherwood
  57. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFSherwood
  58. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC
  59. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-954X.00231
  60. ↑ http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol2no3/GhanasForeignPolicyAtIndependenceAnd.pdf
  61. ↑ https://www.ippmedia.com/en/features/running-away-our-own-shadows
  62. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah#CITEREFRooney
  63. ↑ https://ghanaremembers.com/stories/people/kwame-nkrumah-a-biography-of-ghanas-first-president.html
  64. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00064246.1972.11431232
  65. ↑ https://www.modernghana.com/news/876767/the-confused-moments-of-nkrumah-in-china-after-the-coup.html
  66. ↑ http://www.kwamenkrumahcentenary.org/esi_speech.html
  67. ↑ https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v26/d201
  68. ↑ http://www.modernghana.com/news/236431/1/nkrumahs-birthday-declared-a-holiday.html
  69. ↑ https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-Akufo-Addo-assents-to-Public-Holidays-Amendment-Act-2019-744767
  70. ↑ http://www.nathanielturner.com/fathiankrumahfarewell.htm
  71. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200610125740/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/here-are-all-the-first-ladies-of-ghana-since-independence/0l2k3hw
  72. ↑ https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/1095/fathia-the-rock-of-the-nkrumah-family.html
  73. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20181019075818/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/September-22nd/africa-must-re-examine-implement-nkrumahs-ideas-francis-nkrumah.php
  74. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190406213932/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Kwame-Nkrumah-s-unknown-son-surfaces-235004
  75. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20190904212017/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/201507/249589.php
  76. ↑ https://www.knust.edu.gh/about/knust/history
  77. ↑ "20 memorable quotes by Kwame Nkrumah" https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/20-memorable-quotes-by-Kwame-Nkrumah-782725
  78. ↑ "20 memorable quotes by Kwame Nkrumah" https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/20-memorable-quotes-by-Kwame-Nkrumah-782725
  79. ↑ "20 memorable quotes by Kwame Nkrumah" https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/20-memorable-quotes-by-Kwame-Nkrumah-782725
Retrieved from "https://dga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Nkrumah&oldid=51916"