Asibiti

A Bellvitge University Hospital yeŋe sɛŋ naŋ be a L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain poɔŋ, a taa tu kpɛ zie ane arezie ko a baaleba lɔɛ.

Hospital

Asibiti e la yiri kaŋa bɔnne naŋ mɛ bee ŋmaa ka o waa laafeeloŋ yiri ka ba sanna baaleba. O e la yiri ba naŋ de tĩĩ pɛɛpɛɛ zaa biŋ be kyɛ de tontonneba mine eŋ ka ba maŋ sanna baaleba. Ka fõõ na nyɛ sori gaa tona a asibiti yiri kaŋa zaa a seŋ ka fo neɛ naŋ gaa sakuuri a te zanne gaa nimitɔɔre a taa teɛroŋ kyaare neŋ lɛ baale ne baala zaa na naŋ baŋ nyɛ sambo yineŋ tĩĩ tori na zaa fo na naŋ de ko o.

Ka fo zu, poɔ, toore, gbɛɛ, nyɔbogiri, eŋbane zie zaa na ba taa laafeɛ ka fo gaa be fo naŋ nyɛ la sambo. A lɛ wuli ka baaloŋ zaa maŋ taa la o toɔre tĩĩ ane o sambo. A yi a tĩĩ naŋ be o poɔŋ, be la ka ba maŋ kyɔge neɛ ka a na Senne lɛ.

A bɔnne vɛŋ la neɛ ne neɛ zaa na be a Ghana poɔ taa foto kaŋa ba naŋ boɔlɔ ka laafeeloŋ gane ka nansaala meŋ maŋ boɔle ka ''National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS )'' ka fõõ na gaa a asibiti yiri a naŋ nyɛ sambo a seŋ ka ka fo de o ona ka baŋ nyɛ a sambo. Ka fõõ ba taa o ba maŋ eŋ la ka yɔ sama mine kyɛ baŋ nyɛ a sambo.

A teaching asibiti meŋ sonɔ la noba kyaare ne laafeeloŋ zannoo, science karambiiri ane laafeeloŋ toma sakuuri bie zaa. A laafeeloŋ science zie ne o bele zaa kyɛ o e la kpoŋ gaŋ clinic. Asibiti taa ziire gyamaa ( aŋa wɛroo zie ane baaltɔloŋ zie) ane gɔɔloŋ ziire ka a mine la cardiology. A asibiti mine taa outpatient ziire kyɛ ka a mine.e taa chronic baaloŋ sammo zie. Ziire ba naŋ sonno noba la a teɛnɛɛ zie, pathology ane radiology

Asibiti maŋ e la gɔbenneti soɔbo ka ba dere a sama ( ka tɔnɔ bebe bee ka tɔnɔ ba kyɛbe ), laafeeloŋ tontomba nimimaaroŋ zɔrebo lane noba naŋ maŋ de boma kya ne ba. Dasaga na, ŋmepuoribo la da maŋ de a asibiti sama bee nimimaaroŋ zɔrebo ne ba nembɛrɛ.

Asibiti pampana ŋa dere noba naŋ baŋ a laafeeloŋ toma soŋ aseŋphysicians, surgeons, nɛɛsere ane and alliemmaroŋ tontomba. Dasaŋa na, a toma ŋa da maŋ e la noba naŋ baŋ a toma bee noba naŋ de ba mine tonɔ ne a toma. Ama, ŋmempuorbu gyamaa aŋa Catholic ŋmempuoribu ba mine la Alexians ane a Bon Secours Sisters naŋ naŋ moɔ nimire ne a asibiti toma a yuomo 1990 naŋ tɔle ane ŋmpuori noba mine, a lane Methodists ane Lutherans, naŋ kaara a asibiti. A yi o yelbiri pare hospitality ka o pare naŋ bebe wa tɔ zenɛ aŋa a Royal Hospital Chelsea, naŋ da piili a yuoni 1681 ka o e nɛɛsire kpɛzie a veteran zɔɔzɔrebɔ.

Yizie

During peacetime, hospitals are often marked by symbols. A white 'H' on a blue background is often used in the United States. During military conflicts, a hospital may be marked with the emblem of the red cross, red crescent or red crystal in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.

White H na be blue background, da maŋ e la asibiti wuluu US. A yuori meŋ naŋ yi a kyɛ la, hospitium wa la ka o wuli asibitiri, lɛ la a yitaaloŋ naŋ be a guest ane shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, ane hospitable reception. A metonymy, a Latin yelbiri paaŋ was wuli la guest-chamber, guest's lodging, ane inn Hospes paaŋ eɛ a nyaga KO Bɔrefɔ yelbie dieŋ (be a p naŋ e ko boɔlɔɔ 'pronunciations') hospitality, hospice, hostel, ane hotel. A yelbiri pampana yi la Old French romance yelbie hostel, naŋ maale maaroŋ, o yelbiri naŋ da yi a yelbie poɔ, a iruŋ zie naŋ wuli ka o e la circumflex a pampana French yelbiri hôtel. A German yelbiri Spital poŋ la ulli na tɔ.

Parɛɛ

Baaleba mine maŋ gaa la asibiti ka ba te diagnosis, treatment, bee therapy kyɛ yi to gɛrɛ  ("outpatients") kyɛ ba maŋ gaŋ veɛ bieuo; kyɛ ka ba mine maŋ gaŋ a asibiti veɛ zie bee beɛ bebie bee dare mine ane kyuue ("inpatients"). Asibitiri maŋ taa la tɛɛtɛɛloŋ neŋ laafeeloŋ yie mine yi ba naŋ maŋ toɔŋ gaale kyɛ sanne neɛ beɛ bieou kyɛ a mine, naŋ e bilii, maŋ baŋ bigiri la asibiti bilii.

General ane acute care

A asibiti pare soŋ neɛzaa naŋ baŋ la a general hospital, meŋ naŋ e a acute-care hospital. A asibitiri ama maŋ sanna la baaloŋ ane perebo, kyɛ gbɛɛ yaga maŋ taa la emergency department (saŋa kaŋa naŋ e "perebo & emergency") bee trauma center naŋ kaara baale kpeɛnne. Tembɛrɛ naŋ baŋ taa la asibitiri gyamaa sɛgroŋ naŋ waa tɛɛtɛɛ ane zimeɛre. Asibitiri, te gaŋ a zaa anaŋ na be a United States ane Canada, taa la a meŋɛ Ambolanse naŋ tona toma.

Asibiti Tɔnɔ

A Ghana paaloŋ zaa te nyɔge a Africa zaa. Asibiti la ka gɔvemati ne noba mine sommo zuiŋ ka ba maŋ mɛ a yie ama ka a gu a teŋɛ noba. A ziiri ama e la ziiri bee yie ba naŋ maŋ mɛ ka a guro noba te seŋ baaleba bee neɛ naŋ beɛrɛ bee baaloŋ naŋ kpɛ neɛ ka o soba bɛ. A Asibiti yie ama maŋ taa la tēē nɛɛ ba naŋ maŋ de sana ne a baalba bebiri zaa ka banaŋ wa kpɛ o poɔ.

Yizie

A Middle wagere na, asibiti da erɛ la yɛlɛ gyamaa a yi Zane ziire kyɛ la yie ko nempaaba, kpeziire ko saama bee laafeeloŋ sakue. A yelbiri asibiti la a Latin yelbiri hospes, naŋ wulu kpeɛmo bee saama ama saana. A yuori kaŋa meŋ naŋ nyɛ yi ne a yelbiri ŋa la hospitium naŋ wulu nenesaaloŋ, naŋ taa yitaaloŋ ne saana ane kpɛzie. A yelbiri yitaaloŋ poɔ,a Latin yelbiri muni bee pare la saana ganzie, saana kpɛzie. A Hospes la e a English yelbipeelaa host( be la ka p da iri bare a booloo zuiŋ)hospitality, hospice, hostel, ane hotel. A sɛgebiri a pampana ŋa naŋ yi a Latin via a Old French romance yelbiri hostel, naŋ s ka o boɔlɔ ba saana a wa ta soga ka ba maŋ iri bare a o iribaroo na poɔ la ka parepegeraa maraa wa a pampana French yelbiri hôtel. A German yelbiri Spital meŋ yi a be .

Desekyere

A desekyere asibiti gbɛɛ yaga maŋ e la asibiti bɛrɛ laafeeloŋ tontonziire a irigyin poɔ, a taa gadore gyamaa ka kaara ne baaleba,ba naŋ beɛre baaloŋ faa ane ba naŋ na bɛ kɔɔre.

California poɔ, " desekyere asibiti e ziyuo kaŋa a ko baaloŋ zaa ba naŋ da maale a yi a Work War II ka toɔ seŋ a asibiti naŋ ba pure a tembilii. Ane a zenɛ, desekyere asibiti la a neŋgyamaa asibiti a 9 Colifornas tenne kyɛ la a asibiti yoŋ naŋ e zie noba naŋ na baŋ ta weɛ a tenne 19 na poɔ, ka ŋa maŋ e nembaaba zie ka a toɔ soŋ a tenne awae naŋ na poɔ ka asibiti yaga leɛ poɔ kyɛ ka pampana ka be tɔɔre zaa a tembilii. California's tembilii lezare ne anii asibiti ane a asibiti lezare na bebe poɔ a disitriki asibiti poɔ. A tembilii deme la maale a taa nembɛrɛa tenne deme naŋ iri ka ba kaara ba yelbilii.

A taa la tɔna a Sana baaleba naŋ ba taa a laafeeloŋ gane ane baaleba na naŋ taa Medi-Cal (naŋ e California's Medicaid yelnyɔgeraa, naŋ kaara noba ba naŋ na ba taa lebie, bibiiri, nembɛrɛ mine,nembatuone, pɔgepɔɔre)

A yuoni 2012 poɔ, desekyere asibiti maŋ kaa baaleba naŋ ta $54 million a California poɔ

Gɔɔloŋ

Starship Children's Health, a children's hospital in Auckland, New Zealand

McMaster University Medical Centre, a teaching hospital in Hamilton, Ontario

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, a large teaching hospital in India

Asibiti gɔɔloŋ e la zie naŋ e o toɔraa naŋ maŋ yɛlɛ ayi bee boŋyeni kaŋa zie yoŋ toma. A mine la leɛmaaloo asibiti, bibiiri asibiti, nembɛrɛ ( geriatric ) asibiti, long team acute care asibiti ane asibiti naŋ kaara baaloŋ kaŋa bal naŋ e o toɔraa lɛ ka a mine ; yeŋ baaloŋ,(nyɛ yeŋ baaloŋ yɛlɛ), cancer sammo, baaloŋ mine kaŋa booro, ka a mine la; cardiac, oncology, bee orthopedic yɛlɛ, ane a mine kaŋa. Germany poɔ, asibiti gɔɔloŋ ba boɔlɔ a Fachkrankenhaus; a seŋ mine e la an Fachkrankenhaus Coswig (thoracic surgery). India poɔ, asibiti gɔɔre ba boɔlɔ a la super-specialty hospitals ka a waa a tɔɔraa lɛ ne a taaba na naŋ erɛ yɛlɛ yaga. Asibiti gɔɔre na baŋ soŋ la laafeeloŋ sane siŋ ka foo naane ana ne asibiti yɛrɛɛ lɛ. Aseŋ, Narayana Health's cardiac laafeeloŋ zie na be Bangalore a ka ba gɔɔloŋ e pecialises in cardiac sugyire wɛroo a maŋ kaa baaleba gyamaa. O taa la gɔdɔre naŋ ta 3,000 a maŋ wɛre noba 3,000 yuoni zaa ba la maŋ taa a noba yaga a ba asibiti na poɔ.Noba naŋ wɛrɛ maŋ yuo la lieba ba naŋ beŋ ko neɛzaa ka noba naŋ wɛrɛ wa e yaga a asibiti maŋ kaa la nankoɔroŋ yɛlɛ kyɛ ŋmaa a daa bare. Gɔɔre asibiti meŋ na baŋ toŋ la toma yeltuuri wɛroo yɛlɛ

Wulluu

A teaching asibiti maŋ Sana la baaloŋ gyamaa ko baaleba kyɛ la wulu ba naŋ na meŋ naŋ boɔrɔ ka ba wa leɛ emaaroŋ tontoneba ka ba mine dɔɔtare karambiiri, nɛɛsire karambiiri. O meŋ na baŋ waa la Medical sakuuri bee nɛɛsere sakuuri, kyɛbee medical peɛpeɛrebɛ. Karambiiri meŋ na baŋ zanne lafeeloŋ toma a asibiti poɔ.

Asibitiri

Clinics gbɛɛ yaga maŋ kaara la noba naŋ yi ziire wa kyɛ ta a mne na baŋ taa la baaleba gɔdɔre fee lɛ ane noba naŋ e fee a kaara a baaleba ka fo na baŋ nyɛ a ŋaa meŋ asibiti meŋɛ poɔ.

Baalba Deri

A asibiti taa la ganziire boŋyeni bee ayi naŋ maŋ gɔdɔre ko a baaleba. O meŋ na la baŋ tona la yɛlɛ yaga ka a mine la yelferaa ganzie, wɛroo die, ane intensive care zie, ane medical gɔɔloŋ ziire. Asibiti naŋ taa a boma zaa na baŋ e trauma zie. A meŋ na baŋ tɔna la toma gyamaa ka a mine la teeɛnɛɛ zie, radiology, pathology, ane medical laboratories. A asibiti mine taa la baalegurebo gamziire ka a mine la meŋɛ taabo zie, nyemɛ zie, ane le maaloo ziire. Asibiti meŋ na baŋ yaa la nɛɛsire ziire ka a nɛɛsi kpoŋ maŋ kaara. A zie ŋa e la a tontomba yoŋ ztie, peɛrepeɛreba ane bɛŋɛ ko a asibiti.

A ziire mine taa a nɛɛsire ane a dɔɔtare naŋ maŋ kaara ba bambu ziire. Aseŋ, a intensive care zie, a dɔɔta la seŋ ka o kaara a teɛnɛɛ a medical yɛlɛ kyɛ ka a nɛɛsire kpoŋ kaara a nɛɛsire zaa zu.

Sommo zie meŋ na baŋ poɔ la medical yɛlɛ ziire, a duoro ziire, kompiita bammo ziire clinical engineering, zie kaabo fitindigili yɛlɛ, bondizie ane wɔɔkyimaan ziire.

Remote Kaabo

A COVID-19 pandemic la da wane a ganziire gyamaa maaloo a yi a British NHS. Baaleba da maŋ saŋ la yie poɔ, ka ba kaara ba mine vooroŋ a ne vooroŋ saturation probe ka naŋ wa moɔ ka tagaraa meŋ poɔ. A West Hertfordshire asibiti NHS sagedeebo toɔ soŋ la noba 1200 ba yie poɔ a yi March kyuu ane a June kyuu a yuoni 2020 kyɛ naŋ boɔrɔ ka naŋ erɛ la ka a COVID-19 wa baare, a piiluu noba naŋ taa vooroŋ baaloŋ. Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust piili la a COVID Oximetry@Home toma a April kyuu a yuoni 2020. A ŋaa vɛŋɛɛ ka ba toɔ kaa noba naŋ pare 5000 bebiri zaa ba yie poɔ. A technology vɛŋɛɛ ka nɛɛsere, baaleba ka toɔ kaa yelwonni mine ka mine la vooroŋ semmo.

Yelkɔrɔ

Dakoroŋ yɛlɛ

Dakore saŋa India, Fa Xian, a Chinese Buddhist monk naŋ da tu sori vilikoli a  India c. AD 400, da peɛre nyɛ la teseŋ ziiri mine.Yi a  Mahavamsa yeluu zie, a saŋa na chronicle ko Sinhalese royalty, naŋ da sɛge century ayoɔbo soba AD, King Pandukabhaya ko Sri Lanka (r. 437–367 BC) da maŋ gaŋ-la-yiri ane asibitiri poɔ (Sivikasotthi-Sala). A asibiti ane tēēne nyooro zie meŋ da be la Gundeshapur, teŋkpoŋ naŋ be southwest a Sassanid Persian Empire a da piili AD 271 yi Shapur I. A dakore saŋa Greece, temples naŋ da bebe ko healer-god Asclepius, ba mine maŋ boɔle ka Asclepeion da tona la  tēēne manne-korɔ, prognosis, ane sansanna.A Asclepeia da ŋmɛ yaare la gaa Roman Empire. Kyɛ public healthcare da ba kyebe a  Roman Empire, Sogyare asibiti naŋ e valetudinaria da tona la a sogyare  barracks a maŋ sanne a sogyare ane gbaŋgbaare naŋ be a zie na.Danseɛ wulluu wuli ka  civilian asibitiri mine, naŋ na ba kyebe a Roman noba yagroŋ, da eɛ boma naŋ da mɛ a taa meŋɛ suobo ko noba mine a  Roman households naŋ be teŋɛŋ lambogri ko a yiri na, kyɛ ka a yel-eroŋ ŋa na da baare 80 AD.

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  View of the Askleipion of Kos, the best preserved instance of an Asklepieion
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  Ruins of a two thousand-year-old hospital were discovered in the historical city of Anuradhapura Mihintale Sri Lanka.

Yuoni Sɔgaŋ

A yeluu ko a Khristo biiri naŋ da sage yi a ŋmempuoruu noba a Roman Empire da wanne la yɛloŋ ko saabo. Tuuru a kansil dɛndɛŋ ko a Nicaea a AD 325 asibiti meɛbo a cathedral paaloŋ da piilee, te paale a asibiti dɛndɛŋ soba naŋ da mɛ yi Saint Sampson naŋ be Constantinople ane Basil, bishop ko Caesarea a saŋa na Turkey bebiri. Yi a twelfth century, Constantinople da taa la asibitiri ayi naŋ da taa bonzaa, tontonneba naŋ e dɔɔtare naŋ da e dɔɔba ane pɔgeba zaa. Zimeɛre paale la wagere kaŋa zaa neŋ o baaloo sambo ane sambo yeltuuri naŋ senne ane di-zagelaa kaŋa naŋ da deɛre baal-saŋgaraa mine. Qalawun complex kpeɛbo zie naŋ be Cairo, Egypt, naŋ taa Mansuri asibiti.

A neɛzaa asibiti dɛndɛŋ a Islamic tendaa da mɛ 805 a Baghdad yineŋ Harun Al-Rashid. A yi 10th century, Baghdad da taa la asibiti gyamaa, kyɛ Damascus meŋ taa asibiti ayoɔbo a  15th century, kyɛ ka Córdoba yoŋ meŋ taa asibi-kpoŋ lezaɛ ayi ne pie (50), gyamaa zie naŋ da taa suobo ko a sogyare, a yuoni baaroo ko a 15th century. A Islamic bimaristan da e la zie meŋ na da e asibiti na maŋ kaara baaleba, kyɛ meŋ da e nɛɛsere zie ane lunatic asylum. O yelnimizeɛ la ka o korɔ nandeme sambo, ka nandaaneba naŋ na boɔrɔ ka ba maŋ wa sanneba ba yieŋ. Asibitiri saŋa na da la a dɛndɛŋ deme naŋ da boɔrɔ dɔɔta kyɛ. Asibiti da ba tona yi merɛ mine naŋ maŋ zagera bara baaleba mine naŋ na ba taa sambo libie. A asibitiri ama da taa la libie sommo yi waqfs, meŋ naŋ da e a gɔbena libie.

A India, gɔbena asibitiri da tona a Firuz Shah Tughlaq  saŋa 14th century. The Mughal emperor Jahangir a 17th century da mɛ la asibitiri tembɛrɛ poore ane gɔbenɛnte libie ane wuluu kyaare neŋ lɛ a saŋyɔɔ ane sommo mine naŋ maŋ yi a gɔbenɛnte zie.

A China, yi a Song Dynasty, a teŋɛ da piilee deɛrɛ social welfare  functions naŋ da maŋ yi  Buddhist monasteries ane instituted gɔbenɛnte asibitiri, hospices ane dispensaries.

Early modern and Enlightenment Europe

A hospital ward in 6th century France

A Europe na be a medieval concept of Christian care da paale la a 16th ane 17th centuries. A England, monasteries naŋ da ba la tona a 1540 yi King Henry VIII, a Ŋmeneyiri da iri ba nuuri yineŋ a sommo ko a asibiti, kyɛ da tuuru mere yi a noba naŋ be a London, la da e a asibiti St Bartholomew's, St Thomas's ane St Mary of Bethlehem's (Bedlam) da e a zenneba; ŋaa la da e a sommo dɛndɛŋ soba naŋ da yi ko a asibiti.

A 1682, Charles II la da piili a Royal Asibiti Chelsea a da e sogya naŋ gaa pɛnnoo ka naŋ e Chelsea Pensioners, a saŋa na ba naŋ maŋ yele a yelbiri ka "asibiti" a vɛŋ ka o e almshouse.Yuomo pie saŋa, Mary II piilee a Royal Asibiti ko Seamen, Greenwich, ane yelzu boɔbo yeni.

1820 engraving of Guy's Hospital in London, one of the first voluntary hospitals to be established in 1724

Ruins of the Hospital San Nicolás de Bari in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, recognized by UNESCO for being the oldest hospital built in the Americas. Built between 1514 and 1541.

A voluntary asibitiri toma piilee 18th century, ane asibitiri naŋ da taa sommo London a yi 1720s, te paale Westminster asibiti (1719) naŋ da do saa yi private bank C. Hoare ane Co neŋ Guy's Hospital (1724) naŋ taa sommo yi bequest of the wealthy merchant, Thomas Guy. Asibitiri mine meŋ da la piili la London ane British tenne mine a century mine, gyamaa yaga da nyɛ la yɔɔbo yi private subscriptions. St Bartholomew's naŋ be London da nyɛ la leɛmeɛbo yi1730 te tɔ 1759, ane a London asibiti, Whitechapel, yuobu naŋ da e 1752. A asibitiri ama eɛ a leɛbo ko a piiluu ko a asibiti toma; a piili la neŋ la ka o e zibilee lɛ a sanna baaleba a leɛ e asibiti yiri leɛ maaloo ane zikpoŋ ko zannoo ane nyooro ko noba na boɔrɔ ka leɛ dɔɔtaare ane nɛɛsere. Wagere mine poɔ maŋ toŋ la kyɛ wɛrwɛreba ane dɔɔtare maŋ toŋ la kyɛ de ba bammo ko noba mine a asibiti poɔ.Ba maŋ leɛ la ka ba e nensaama mine a maŋ vɛŋ yelfere mine kpeɛrɛ a asibiti poɔ ka ba ba toɔnɔ kaara kyɛ korɔ baaleba tēēne a asibiti poɔ. A Charité da yi la Berlin naŋ be 1710 yi King Frederick I naŋ be Prussia a taa sagebo yi plague.

Voluntary asibitiri meŋ yɛrɛɛ gaa la Colonial America; Bellevue Asibitiri naŋ be New York City piilee 1736, a da e  workhouse dɛndɛŋ soba kyɛ wa tɔsɔgɔ leɛ e asibiti; Pennsylvania asibiti ko Philadelphia naŋ piili 1752, New York asibiti, naŋ leɛ e Weill Cornell Medical Center naŋ be New York City a piili 1771, ane Massachusetts neɛzaa asibiti naŋ be Boston a piili 1811. Vienna General Hospital naŋ da piili 1784 a e a tendaa zaa asibiti kpoŋ, physicians da de la zimeɛre mine naŋ da vɛŋ a zie yuo a leɛ e zie naŋ soma neŋ peɛroo yeltare.

A Enlightenment era charitable nhaabo da eɛ  dispensary; a yele ama da naŋ soŋ la nandeme neŋ baalo saamo weɛ lɛ. A London Dispensary yuo la o dendoɛ 1696 a e asibiti bilee kaŋa naŋ da be a  British Empire. A teɛroŋ ŋa da nyɛ la eebo yi 1770s, a when organisations ama taa da taa nyaabo, te paale Public Dispensary of Edinburgh (1776), a Metropolitan Dispensary ane Charitable Fund (1779) ane a Finsbury Dispensary (1780). Dispensaries meŋ da piili la New York 1771, Philadelphia 1786, ane Boston 1796.A Royal Naval asibiti, Stonehouse, Plymouth, da eɛ pioneer ko a asibiti a maale taa "pavilions" ko o sigiri a baaloŋ yɛroŋ. John Wesley da wa nyɛ ba la1785, a da yeli ka "N ba nyɛ yelzaa naŋ wuli ka o baarɛɛ la; bonzaa bebe la, kyɛ sereŋ taa veɛloŋ. Kyɛ bonzaa ba kyebe naŋ wuli ka o ba soma, kɛ tesɛlaa kaŋa zaa ba kyebe, naŋ wuli bebe bee ba bebee." A yi revolutionary maalok da vɛŋ la noba baŋ John Howard, a philanthropist. A 1787 a French gɔbenɛnte tere la scholar administrators, Coulomb ane Tenon, naŋ da gaa asibitiri yaga naŋ be Europe. Ba poore zaa da pɛllɛɛ la ba naŋ da nyɛ a "pavilion" maaloo da taa yitaaloŋ neŋ  France a Europe gbulli zaa.

19th dakoroŋ

English physician Thomas Percival (1740–1804) da sɛge la comprehensive system ko medical conduct, Medical Ethics; bee, a Code ko Institutes ane Precepts, naŋ taa sagedēēbo ko Professional Conduct ko Physicians ane Surgeons (1803) naŋ taa gama noɔre ba naŋ noɔrɔ. A 19th century yuonkyɛlɛɛ poɔ, asibitiri ane a medical profession da maale eɛ professionalised, neŋ a reorganisation ko a asibiti wederebɛ a yi  bureaucratic ane administrative lines. A Apothecaries Act 1815 da vɛŋ la k o e kparaama ko a medical students na zanne yuonkyɛlɛɛ na paale a ba zannoo dɔlɔ.

Florence Nightingale pioneered a modern profession ko nɛɛsere a saŋa na a Crimean War na da e onaŋ da maale bondemannewulaa ko compassion, commitment ko baalba ane diligent eŋ poɔ thoughtful hospital administration. A nɛɛse dɛndɛŋ sakuuri, a Nightingale School ko nɛɛsere, da piilee la 1860, neŋ ba boɔbo ka ba wuli nɛɛsere ka ba maŋ tona asibitiri poɔ, a naŋ tona korɔ nandeme kyɛ naŋ kaara ba meŋ.Nightingale da eɛ instrumental onaŋ da leɛrɛ a asibitiri waaloŋ, yi o naŋ da maala dɛgere yeltare kyɛ naŋ leɛrɛ a asibiti enfuomo yineŋ zie na baalba naŋ na kpi, te eŋ zie naŋ e recuperation ane healing. O paaŋ da la kaa la a tona kyaare neŋ  statistical measurement yineŋ lɛnɛɛ ba naŋ na nyɛ intervention kyɛ daa tɔle nimitɔɔre ko administrative reform a asibitiri poɔ.A 19th century baaroo, a saŋa na asibitiri da piilee deɛre la waaloŋ neŋ  public ane private asibitiri yele. A 1870s, asibitiri taa la baalba naŋ na baŋ gaŋ 3,000. A continental Europe naŋ e asibiti paala da mɛ la kyɛ naŋ boɔrɔ sommo. A National Health Service, naŋ e a sɛkyiri  ko laafeeloŋ yele a United Kingdom, da piilee 1948. A saŋa na ko a nineteenth century, a ayi soba ko a Viennese Medical sakuuri da eɛ sommo ko a physicians teseŋ Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Josef Škoda, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, ane Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Basic medical science expanded ane specialisation advanced. Na yelpaale meŋ, a dermatology dɛndɛŋ, nimiri, toori, nyɛboori, ane kɔkɔre asibiti a tendaa da piilee a Vienna, naŋ da e a dɔgebo ko tēēnsonne mine.

20th dakoroŋ Kyɛ Naŋ Gɛrɛ

Cabell Huntington Asibiti na be Huntington, West Virginia (2014)

A 19th baaro saŋa ane 20th centuries piiluu saŋa, mɛdikal zɛge duobu teseŋ anesthesia ane sterile gɔɔloŋ naŋ na baŋ e wɛroŋ ka ba e tuo, ane maasumɛ mine naŋ bebe teseŋ X-rays, naŋ kyaa vɛŋ la a asibiti ka o taa ennyagre kyaare neŋ baalba sambo.

Saŋa na Asibitiri maŋ manne la ziiri faŋa naŋ bebe teseŋ kpeɛbo semmo, Lɛ fo naŋ na be seŋ, wagere kɔɔroŋ semmo a toma poɔ, baala sanne taabo, baalba gaaloo noɔre, poɔŋ baalba kuuŋ.

A United States, a asibiti poɔ kpeɛbo zɛge do la saa a 1981 neŋ 171 baalba kpeɛbo neŋ 1,000 Americans ane 6,933 baalba.[50] A kpeɛbo da la sigi la  leɛ la puor, ane baalba kpeɛbo sigi puli te gaŋ 10% ane semmo a US asibitiri sigi puli yi 6,933 a 1981 te tɔ 5,534 a 2016. Ba naŋ na be a asibiti poɔ meŋ sigi puli neŋ 77% a 1980 te tɔ 60% a 2013. A ananso ko a yele ama la baalkpeɛne sannebo  ziiri mine teseŋ yiiri poɔ  bee ɔfere poɔ ane a therapeutic neŋ life-threatening yaga enfuomo a asibitiri poɔ a nimie poɔ a public.A US, baala naŋ baŋ gaŋ la a asibiti godo-zuŋ, kyɛ naŋ baŋ wuli ka ba bare o la  ane "under observation" bee naŋ ba naŋ baŋ gaale o la a asibiti poɔ.

A U.S., inpatient maŋ gaŋ la a deɛrɛ sannebo Part A, kyɛ ka asibiti na baŋ gaale la baala ka o be kaanyaabo naŋ na baŋ nyɛ sannebo yi  Medicare Part B, kyɛ vɛŋ a baala eŋ additional coinsurance costs. A 2013, a zie ko laafeeloŋ ane Medikad sɛvese (CMS) la piili a "two-midnight" merɛ ko a baalba gaaloŋ,[56] a taa teɛroŋ ka o sigiriŋ a kɔgroŋ kyaare  "kaanyaabo wagere" gaaloo naŋ de e neŋ barebo. A merɛ ŋa da ba la tonɔ  2018. A 2016 ane 2017, laafeeloŋ leɛmaaloo ane sigiroŋ a gaaloo nyaabo a US asibiti poɔ laafeeloŋ yeltare naŋ na ba nyɛ libie.Asibiti-bili, na taa godori yaga a yi anii te tɔ lezaɛ ayi ne pie, la yɛrɛɛ la United States. Yitaaloŋ, baale kpaarema di zagelaa  mine, na maŋ leɛre baalba naŋ seŋene inpatient sambo a asibiti, da taa la neɛzaa nyaabo a 1970s kyɛ na yɔle a vilikoli a  have since  United States zaa poɔ.

A Katoli ŋmendie la e la  boŋkpoŋ naŋ be a  non-government terebo ko a laafeeloŋ terebo yelgare a tendaa. O taa la asibitibilii naŋ na baŋ ta 18,000, 16,000 yie ko nembɛrɛ ane bana naŋ boɔrɔ maale kaabo, ane 5,500 asibitiri, neŋ 65% naŋ be a tenne naŋ na baara. A yuoni 2010 poɔ, a tendaa laafeeloŋ zimeɛre.

Sommo

Asibiti-kpoŋ Dubrava na be Zagreb, Croatia

Asibiti bile Dubrava naŋ be Zagreb, Croatia

Pampanna asibiti nyɛ la sommo yineŋ ziiri gyamaa. Ba maŋ baŋ nyɛ la sommo yi meŋɛ yɔɔbo ane laafeeloŋ ganne bee gɔbena bondaare, charitable sommo.

A United Kingdom, a  laafeeloŋ ganne maŋ tere la laafeeloŋ ko  noba naŋ yi a be kyɛ naŋ kpeɛrɛ a be ka sommo ba yi a teŋɛŋ " ka maŋ e weɛlɛ a teroŋ poɔ", ane baale feraa kaabo mɔlɔ ko neɛ la neɛzaa ka fooŋ gba ba yi a be. Yi a asibiti boɔbo ka ba wuli a ba bontare naŋ seŋ lɛ, yele be la a teŋɛ naŋ kyɛlɛ ka ba nyɛ a 'yɛlɛ na' kyɛ la a  baaloo naŋ ba maale e nimizeɛ sammo, lɛ wuli ka banaŋ na toɔŋ nyɛ a na taa la meŋɛ laafeeloŋ sammo wieouŋ wieouŋ lɛ.

A United States, asibitiri maŋ yuo la somennoŋ kyɛ ta wagere kaŋa e tonɔ boɔbo bone, teseŋ a HCA asibiti.a yeltuuri ane a libiyɔɔ maŋ wuli la yineŋ sanne ŋmara; azuiŋ, a daaro ama naŋ bar sigi la puli ko a asibiti ka o nyɛ asibitiri nyɔgetaaloŋ. Merɛ wuli la asibitiri maŋ bɔ laafeeloŋ ko baalba a nyɔvore sammo yele ka a paaŋ wuli ka a baala na baŋ yɔɔ la a sanne bee kombaŋ yɔɔ a. Someŋɛ sommo ko asibitiri naŋ gaale baalba e naŋ ba sereŋ baŋ a  kparaama yeltare maŋ baŋ nyɛ la bondaaneŋ leebo, teseŋ a yele baaro ko a Hurricane Katrina.

Yelsonne ane Laafeeloŋ

A yelsonne naŋ be a asibiti poɔ saa  duobu maale e la yeli naŋ be a tendaa poɔ, asibitiri saa duobu seŋ ka a maale eŋ tobo kyɛlebo ko a yelzu ŋa. Meŋɛ nyooroo ko yelsonne e la bone naŋ seŋ ka o yelnimizeɛ ka ba peɛre a asibiti yele ama poɔ, ane asibiti e la bone naŋ na baŋ vɛŋ a yele nyɛ eebo. A tendaa lamboori mine a accreditation maŋ yi la a teŋɛŋ, ziwaaloŋ naŋ e tendaa laafeeloŋ bambo, yi laŋgbullo teseŋ  Accreditation Canada naŋ be Canada, a Joint Commission naŋ be U.S., a Trent Accreditation Scheme naŋ be Great Britain, ane a Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) na be France. A England, asibiti maŋ nyɛ la kaabo yi a laafeeloŋ kaabo faŋa naŋ ta. A 2020, ba leɛ la ba teɛroo kyaare  asibiti ko bondiiri semmo  a yi baalba ayoɔpoi naŋ da kpi a listeria linked ko pre-packaged sandwiches ane salads a 2019, yeli ka " bondisonne ba diibu ane koɔnyuuri meŋ paale la a baalba baaloŋ laafeeloŋ ."

A World Health Organization da tere la duoruu a 2011 ka gaaloo asibiti poɔ ba maŋ soma gaŋ fo naŋ na bare o. Tenda gbulli zaa, a baala zunoɔ o naŋ na nyɛ ba maale sammo a asibiti da na baŋ taɛ la 10%, kyɛ a vuo o naŋ na kpi a yi ba maale sammo meŋ na baŋ e 300. Yeluu yi Liam Donaldson. 7% baalba gaaloo tenne naŋ na baara, ane 10% tembaare, nhɛ la acquire health care-associated infection yeni. A  U.S., 1.7 million baalba la be a asibiti yuoni zaa, naŋ gɛrɛ ka o e 100,000 kūūni, nambare naŋ zɛge do saa gaŋ a Europe be o naŋ e  4.5 million baalba ane 37,000 kuuni.

Meɛbo Gɔɔloŋ

Pampanna asibitiri meɛroŋ taa la kããma mine naŋ na sigiri a toma ko tontonneba kyɛ vɛŋ ka a e contamination naŋ na maŋ vɛŋ a e nyageroŋ a zie zaa. Sori tuubu ko tontonneba naŋ be a asibiti poɔ ane a sortuubu ko baalba na be ziiri. A meɛroŋ meŋ seŋ ka o mɛ a toɔŋ vɛŋ dɔlɔ gyamaa kpɛ o poɔ teseŋ radiology ane wɛroŋ deri kyɛ  naŋ taa vuo ko special wiring, plumbing, ane waste disposal seŋ ka o e kparaama ko a maaloo poɔŋ.

A yi a be, asibiti gyamaa, teseŋ a ana naŋ wuli ka a e la "dakore boma", e la boma naŋ yi continual kyɛ gbɛɛ yaga ba maŋ maale taa duobu yuomo mine, ane utilitarian new sections naŋ e boɔbo ane libie taabo feroŋ. Azuiŋ, Dutch architectural historian Cor Wagenaar boɔle la asibitiri gyamaa:

"... mɛ catastrophes naŋ taa kaabo yi vast bureaucracies, kyɛ na taa tona yi o tonnoɔre zieŋ banaŋ maale o  ... A maŋ eɛ tuo ka a baŋ toŋ toma, anaŋ maŋ soma ka a vɛŋ baalba maŋ taa teɛrsonne ka na yiriŋ ba be, a maŋ waana ne la stress ane anxiety."

Asibiti-paala mine boɔrɔ la pampana ka ba la leɛ maale naŋ na baŋ kaa a baala yɛŋ boɔbo nyaabo, teseŋ maŋ boɔrɔ sase-sonne, maale nyaamo ane yele waaloŋ nimipɛl mine. A teɛroŋ ama leɛ gaa la a eighteenth century, be a teɛroŋ kyaare neŋ sase-sonne boɔbo ane nyaabo kyaare 'healing powers ko nature' da la a dɛndɛŋ soba naŋ da taa deɛbo a asibiti architects ka la leɛ mɛ ba zimeɛre.

A peɛroo ko a British mɛdikal kpaaroŋ wuli ka asibiti sonne maaloo naŋ baŋ sigiri la  baalba sammo wagere. Wulluu ko a bebiri ŋmenaa eɛ bone naŋ na baŋ soŋ a sigiri depression. maŋ soŋ la baalba ka ba taa meŋɛ tɛgɛ sammo ane gyeremɛ. Asibiti ane ziwaaloŋ wuluu meŋ eɛ yelsoŋ – naŋ boɔrɔ ka ba sanne baalba poteɛte kyɛ sigiri ba zēē ane ba balebo semmo.  Maŋ yuo la toŋkori a baalba dieŋ maŋ wuli la tonɔ nyaabo mine naŋ na maŋ vɛŋ sase-sonne kpeɛrɛ ane sigiri microbial diversity.Varanda wogroŋ meŋ maŋ sigiri la yi nɛɛsere fatigue ane stress. Ziyuo yele mime naŋ la erɛ la a leɛroo ko a ward-based yele (be baalba na maŋ gaŋ a communal deri, na e tɛɛtɛɛ neŋ a di lanne mine) a ko ona ba naŋ kpeɛre yoŋ yoŋ. A ward-based yele  has da taa bigiruu ka nimizeeloŋ toma, te gaŋ a zaa a tontonneba, khɛ o paaŋ eɛ zie naŋ taa balebo yaga ko baalba ane kuɛ ba meŋɛ sammbo. Zie ba naŋ maŋ korɔ baalba neŋ bamenne deri daaroŋ pāā la be la saazu a zimeɛre ane a toma a asibiti naŋ poɔ; ŋaa vɛŋɛɛ la a asibitiri Mine maŋ tere daaroŋ ko  sommene deri mine.

Sommo yizie

Pampana asibiti maŋ nyɛ ba sommo yi ne ziire gyamaa. Ba na baŋ nyɛ la sommo yi noba naŋ yɔɔrɔ bee laafeeloŋ susu bee gɔbenneti sommo ane nimimaaroŋ zorebu sommo. A United Kingdom poɔ laafeeloŋ susu gane maŋ Sana noba naŋ e a teŋɛ deme naŋ maŋ e a gɔbenneti sane kyɛ yeluraa baaloŋ eŋ maŋ e weɛlɛ ko neɛ la neɛ zaa, ka fo yi be bee ka fo ba yi be. A naŋ paa seŋ ka a asibiti maŋ kaara libie naŋ ba seŋ bone zuiŋ , tenne mine maŋ kyɛle ba naŋ ba taa a baaloŋ uraa,a lɛzuiŋ ba naŋ na baŋ yɔɔ maŋ gaa la sommeŋɛ asibiti ka ba daŋ ba. A United State poɔ asibiti e la sommeŋɛ yoŋ ka a ziire mine e tona yoŋ asibiti ka a mine la HCA laafeeloŋ. A yeltuuri sama ne a sama ba naŋ ŋmaa ko a noba e la yelsɛgebinni, ama, a sama ama na baŋ ŋmaabare. Bɛŋɛ wuli ka maŋ kaa baala naŋ baalekpaŋkpaŋ ka a baala na baŋ yɔɔ. Sommeŋɛ asibiti naŋ kaara baalekpaŋkpaŋ noba maŋ ŋmɛ la sane ka a mine la a Hurricane Katrina.

Yɛlsonne ane Laafeeloŋ

Saŋa ne yɛlɛ suŋɛ nan be alaafiruŋ toma poɔ nan da dɔo a dɔɔnɛɛ zaa poɔ la ka asibiti nan be a dɔɔnɛɛ poɔ a da la e nimbi zeɛ a laafirɔŋ toma poɔ. Yɛlɛ waano kana ba naŋ da bɔna Independent external assessment of quality da suŋ la ka a laacfeerɔŋ ŋa da taa la nimbeli. Hospital accreditation miŋ da e la Yɛlɛ waano kana nan da veŋ ka yɛlɛ suŋ gyeemaa da wa asibiti toma poɔ. A suŋbɔ na jaa da yela a dɔnee zaa tontoniba ba nan bɔna international healthcare accreditation. A dɔnee na tontoniba mine la Accreditation Canada nan be Canada, Joint Commission nan be U.S., Trent Accreditation Scheme nan be Great Britain, aneŋ Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) nan be France. In England, hospitals are monitored by the Care Quality Commission la noba ne nan da kaara asibiti laafiirɔŋ yɛlɛ a England paaloŋ poɔ. A youni 2020, poɔ la ka a England deme da la leɔri ba haakira a kaa ne asibiti kaŋa ba nan bɔŋa food standards akyaare ne saŋa ne noba bawae nan da kpɛ ana asibiti ne a youni 2019 poɔ. A youni 2011 poɔ la ka World Health Organization da yele ka neɛ nan zeŋ asibiti la waa la beɔɔ a gaa neɛ nan diɛ gaa ne nasaalipaarɔ. A dɔɔnee zaa, noba ba nan ba tuoŋ tewla a asibiti e la 10%, ka noba miŋ nan maŋ kpɛ e la 300. Liam Donaldson da Yele ka noba 7% nan be paaloŋ nan taa bɔŋzaa aneŋ noba 10% nan be paaloŋ zaa ne eŋa taa la baaloŋ. Akaare ne U.S., 1.7 baaloŋ maŋ nogi la neɛ asibiti poɔ youni zaa. KA noba 100,000 a kpɛ gaa noba nan kpɛ Euronoba pe paaloŋ poɔ. Ba da taa la 4.5 millions baaliba aneŋ 37,000 noba nan kpɛ.

Architecture

Paŋpana ŋa asibiti miiebo la ka a asibiti baŋ tuoŋ suŋ ka a toŋtoniba toma mine baŋ kmaa bari. KA baarɔŋ mine meŋ noba naŋ maŋ neɛ yi asibiti poɔ knaa bari. Paŋpana asibiti miiebo na la vein la ka asibiti tontonibari aneŋ baariba ta kpee la lorri gala toba. A asibitiri na la maaliŋ taa la tiwtiwriba dieri. KA mine la radiology aneŋ weribɔ die. Kye ana asibiti paanii ŋa da daŋ beribe a tona. Ba na maalaa ka a yeni paŋpana asibiti. Ana asibitiri ŋa waa la kyeemaa.

"... Mɛ la kataturoofiri, anonymous institutional naŋ kaara bureaucracies gyamaa, kyɛ ba soma ko a o ananso meɛbo eŋɛ... Gbɛɛ yaga a ba maŋ tonnɔ, kyɛ a na maŋ seŋ ka a vɛŋ baalba taa teɛroŋ aŋa bamenne yie poore, a maŋ vɛŋ la ka nyɛ balebo ane sudibaaloŋ."

Ba da la maale asibiti paaleba mine a eŋ boɔre mine nan da ba kyebe. Asibiti paaleba na la leɛ boɔrɔ meɛbo kaŋa naŋ na deɛrɛ yɛŋ yɛlɛ ka a nyɛ maloo, teseŋ sase-sonne boɔbo, nyaabo sonne mine ane waaloŋ veɛle mine. A yele ama taa la leɛ teɛroŋ yi a eighteenth century, be ba naŋ da taa teɛroŋ kyaare sase-sonne boɔbo ane baalba sammo a kpeɛboŋ poɔ la da nyɛ eebo yi a asibiti architects zie ka ba maale mɛ a ba zimeɛre.

A peɛroo yi a British Medical Association wullo la nyaabo sonne yineŋ Asibitiri sonne meɛbo na naŋ sigiri la baalba sammo wagere. Ka baalba maŋ nyɛ vuo nyɛ a bebiri zaa ŋmenaa na baŋ sigiri la teɛroŋ baaloŋ.Nensaal boore yeni yoŋ kpɛzie maŋ vɛŋŋ la baalba toɔŋ nyɛ ba yoŋ tɛgɛ sammo ane gyeremɛ mine. Ba maŋ be a yeŋɛ ane a asibiti davoroŋ meŋ soma la – maŋ kaara yeŋɛ toŋkori zie maŋ vɛŋ la baalba posãã sigi puli ane zēē zuo baaloŋ neŋ balebo semmo. Yuo toŋkori a baalba deri meŋ maŋ vɛŋ la ka ba nyɛ tɔnɔ mine na maŋ vɛŋ sase-sonne kpeɛrɛ kyɛ kara baalbilii mine bara.Varanda wogroŋ iri baroo na baŋ sigiri la nɛɛsere baleba.

Leɛroo mine meŋ naŋ na gɛrɛ nimitɔɔre meŋ la leɛroo yi baalba zenzie (be baalba na maŋ be ka o e kɔmunal leeba dieŋ, naŋ taa tɛɛtɛɛloŋ neŋ taa) a ko ona na maŋ vɛŋ baal la baala zaa na maŋ be o meŋɛ dieŋ. A baalba zenzie da taa la maane wulluu ka o eɛ soŋ, te gaŋ a zaa a mɛdikal tontonneba, kyɛ o pãã maale taa la baloo yaga ko a baalba kyɛ ba maŋ ko ba vuo ba e bamenne yele. A yelkpoŋ kyaare neŋ baalba meŋɛ deri nyaabo pāā da eɛ tuo ko o meɛbo ane a toma tommo a Asibitiri poɔ;  ŋaa la fere vɛŋ asibitiri mine maŋ kyaagyi baalba ka ba taa bamenne deri.

• 
  Tēēne sakuuri naŋ be a Virginia Yuniveniti wuli la a baabo kyaare pampanna architecture a asibiti poɔ.
• 
  A National Health Service Norfolk ane Norwich asibiti Yuniveniti na be UK, wullo la a utilitarian architecture ko pampanna asibitiri yaga.
• 
  Hospital chapel na be Fawcett Memorial Hospital (Port Charlotte, Florida)
• 
  Hinduja National Hospital, Mumbai
• 
  An intensive care unit (ICU) naŋ kɔɔle a asibiti
• 
  Uniklinikum Aachen na be Germany
• 
  Tampere Yuniveniti Asibiti na beTampere, Finland
• 
  All India Institute of Medical Sciences na be Delhi, India
• 
  Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest na be Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S.

Asibiti Yie Mine La

Korle-bu

Hamile Dɔɔta yiri

Nandom Dɔɔta yiri

Meŋ Nyɛ A Kyɛ

• Burn center
• Dabaŋkoroŋ ko asibiti
• Dabaŋkoroŋ ko tēēne
• Hospice
• Asibiti Ntenɛte
• Asibiti noɔre
• Asibiti duoruu nyaabo zie
• Trauma center
• Di-kyɛllaa poɔ
• Kyɛnne kpɛ asibiti
• GP Liaison

Kyɛlle Kyɛ

Anaa zaa ka Philadelphia asibiti kpoŋ (1732) aneŋ Bellevue asibiti naŋ be New York (1736) e la asibiti kɔɔee, kye Philadelphia da e la almshouse, ka Bellevue miŋ da e workhouse."

Bibilogeraafi

Dabaŋkoroŋ ko Asibitiri

• Brockliss, Lawrence, and Colin Jones. "The Hospital in the Enlightenment", in The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford UP, 1997), pp. 671–729; covers France 1650–1800
• Chaney, Edward (2000), [1], in: The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed. London, Routledge, 2000.
• Connor, J.T.H. "Hospital History in Canada and the United States", Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 1990, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp. 93–104
• Crawford, D.S. Bibliography of Histories of Canadian hospitals and schools of nursing.
• Gorsky, Martin. "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography", Social History of Medicine, December 2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp. 437–60
• Harrison, Mar, et al. eds. From Western Medicine to Global Medicine: The Hospital Beyond the West (2008)
• Horden, Peregrine. Hospitals and Healing From Antiquity to the Later Middle Ages (2008)
• McGrew, Roderick E. Encyclopedia of Medical History (1985)
• Tɛmpileti:Citation
• Porter, Roy. The Hospital in History, with Lindsay Patricia Granshaw (1989) Tɛmpileti:ISBN
• Risse, Guenter B. Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals (1999); world coverage
• Rosenberg, Charles E. The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System (1995); history to 1920
• Scheutz, Martin et al. eds. Hospitals and Institutional Care in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2009)
• Wall, Barbra Mann. American Catholic Hospitals: A Century of Changing Markets and Missions (Rutgers University Press, 2011). Tɛmpileti:ISBN

Sommo Mine

• WHO Hospitals https://www.who.int/hospitals/en/
• Tɛmpileti:Cite web
• Tɛmpileti:Cite web