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Congolese rʋmba

Yizie Wikipiideɛ
Congolese rumba
music genre
Aŋa yitaalombilemusic of Congo Maale eŋ
Inception1940s Maale eŋ
Based onson cubano Maale eŋ
Country of originDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo Maale eŋ
Influenced byCuban rumba Maale eŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Maale eŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01711, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01711, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01711 Maale eŋ

Congolese rumba, yuori kaŋa la African rumba, e la seɛre yieluŋ bɔgre naŋ yire a Congo Democratic Republic (naŋ da e Zaire) ane a Congo Republic (naŋ da e French Congo). Ne o lanleebu, kɔkɔre gaaloo ane yelbi-yielii, Congolese rumba nyɛ la donɛɛ zaa ŋmaa ŋmene kyigi emmo a e Africa music heritage kyɛlee. Disembare 2021 poɔ, ba da de o la poɔ a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage yoe pɛll poɔ.[1][2][3] O naŋ daara yire a soga-20th yuomo kɔɔre vuoŋ a Kinshasa tembeɛrɛ poɔ ane Brazzaville, a nempeɛle nuuri beebu wagere saŋa, Congolese rumba yi la yiele ŋmɛ tɛɛtɛɛ kyilluu sɛ lantaa, a de Kongolese maringa seɛre yieluŋ Cuban son.[4][5][6] Congolese rumba tuuruŋ maŋ taa la guitar kɔkɔgaale, kɔkɔgaale lanleebu, toolere yelbie voone duobo sagebo ostinato eŋɛ bee duori tere yelŋmaa, ane seɛre toori.[7][8] A bɔgre ŋa gbɛre na baŋ tu la gaa la a 1930s, saŋa na African yielyielbo, a gaŋa zaa bana naŋ yi a Congo Basin, laŋ de guitar, pilintoore, ane ikembe na yieli yiele saaŋkonnoŋ voriŋ naŋ laŋ ne Cuban son.[9][10][11][12][13] A ŋaaŋ ko la soukous zɛgebo, bɔgre o yelsoore ama lanleebu toolere, kɔkɔ-kpeɛŋaa guitar kɔkɔre gaaloo bammo ane kɔkɔ-zuluŋ kpoŋ ane kɔkɔgaale yaga lanleebu tutaaloŋ vuo naŋ wulo o.[14]

A gɔɔre ŋa nyɛ la yaarebo yuori zɛgebo Africa poɔ, a ta paalonne aŋa Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Zambia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Nigeria, Ghana, South Sudan, Senegal, Burundi, Malawi, ane Namibia. Ane meŋ, o nyɛ la tuubo Europe poɔ, a gaŋa zaa France, Belgium, Germany, ane a UK poɔ, ane a US meŋ, a yi a Congolese yielyielbo yɔɔbo zuiŋ, ba naŋ yɔ yieli tige yaga zie paaloŋ yoboŋ. Yielyielbo teseŋ ŋa Henri Bowane, Wendo Kolosoy, Franco Luambo Makiadi, Le Grand Kallé, Nico Kasanda, Tabu Ley Rochereau, Sam Mangwana, Papa Noel Nedule, Vicky Longomba, ane Papa Wemba e la yɛlɛ yaga a bɔgre ŋa, zɛgrɛ o torebogiri ane derɛ ziyuo yelpaala yiele dabie ennɛ o.[15][16][1]

Yelkorɔ

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Yizie

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Wulteroo ko a yelzu yiibo zie "rumba" la, ka o yi la a Kikongo yelbiri nkumba, tɛge naŋ e "belly button" (nyuo), naŋ terɛ a yideme seɛre zannoo a Kingdom of Congo koroo gbaŋgbaliŋ, naŋ paale a zenɛ saŋa na Democratic Republic of a Congo lomboe mine, Republic of a Congo, ane Angola.[17][18][19] O kaama lanleebu pare naŋ tage yi Bantu saaŋkonnoŋ, yotegeroŋ a Palo Kongo ŋmene, naŋ tuuli leɛ te gaa a Kongo noba Spanish zenɛmɛ naŋ da de gaane Cuba ka gyeremɛ kyebe a 16th yuomo kɔɔre poɔ.[5][20][21][22]

Miguel Ángel Barnet Lanza's treatise, Congo Cults of Bantu yiibu zie eŋɛ Cuba poɔ manne ka Africans gbaŋgbaare yaga zie ba naŋ nyɔge wane Cuba da daŋ e la Bantu booree, ane a zaa ka a puoriŋ, a Yoruba naŋ yi Nigeria da la pore yaga.[23] A yiele lesiri, seɛre dɔlɔ ane seeloŋ yelerre da sɔgle biŋɛɛ la ŋmaara ne nandaari noba a irigyiŋ zaa poɔ naŋ taa nimize semmo noɔre Africans gbaŋgbaare yelsoore.[12] Yiele tontomboma aŋa a gaŋgaa, makuta, catá, yambu, wulee, güiro, ane cajón de rumba la boma ba naŋ da maŋ de kuri bee ŋmɛ ne yieluŋ naŋ taa boɔloo ane sagebo ne saaŋkonnoŋ seeloŋ ane a kpeemɛ.[24] [5]Nentegerɛ aŋa Arsenio Rodríguez laŋ la saaŋkoŋ Bakongo voonoo ne Cuban son.[22]

Late 1920s–1950s

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Un groupe de rumba congolais à Léopoldville

A yi Phyllis Martin's Leisure ane Society naŋ be Colonial Brazzaville poɔ, a noɔreyeni seɛre yiele yuori naŋ yire a Belgian Congo koroo ane French Congo, pampana naŋ poɔ a Democratic Republic of the Congo ane Republic of the Congo, seŋ anaŋ tutaa lɛ, da e la maringa.[4] Maringa da e la Bakongo seɛre naŋ yinne West African highlife ane yelkorɔ zannoo a Kingdom of Loango koroo koŋkoboŋ, a kɔlage ziiri naŋ be ana saŋa na Republic of Congo poɔ, Southern Gabon, ane Cabinda.[8] A seɛre taa la gane fẽẽ ba naŋ maŋ maale ne gaŋgaa ba naŋ boɔloo patenge ko lanleebu sɔroo, pelentoɔ naŋ tona ŋa lomboe-ata-loŋkoro, ane ekoodẽɛ̃ ba naŋ boɔlɔ likembe, ne mi-voone guoli ayɔpoi te tɔ awae.[4] A maringa seɛreba gbɛ-binni tɛɛtɛɛ poɔ la seɛ nagebo lanleebu naŋ maŋ zuli a endaa tegeroŋ yi gbɛre ŋa wa gaa ne ŋa, naŋ teɛra a Afro-Cuban rumba seɛre, a puoriŋ naŋ leɛ kyaare seɛ-korɔ ane yiele bɔgre.[4] Laŋ noɔreyeni seɛre yuori yɔ la a Congo irigyiŋ zaa 1930 poɔ.[4] Yiele ane yipɔge zanna karegyuu Kazadi wa Mukuna Kent State University poɔ manne ka irikɔɔdiŋ ziiri yaga deme ana wagere naŋ da maŋ mɔ la na leɛ manne a yelzu maringa a derɛ o lantaa ne a "rumba" paala kyɛ naŋ binne o yoe meŋa na.[25] 1934 poɔ, Jean Réal, Faranse nimipɛle daarɛta naŋ yi Martinique, da kuri la a yelzu "Congo Rumba" o naŋ da nyɛ noɔreyeni yielyielbo ne ana yuori na Brazzaville poɔ.[26][4] Clément Ossinondé, Congolese yielzanna zannoo gɔɔroŋ naŋ are Congolese yiele poɔ, yeli ka a Congolese yielyielbo zaa naŋ be a Congo Rumba, Gabriel Kakou ane Georges Mozebo da e la nenzuri boŋŋmeɛrɛba Congolese rumba yuori duobo bee zɛgebo poɔ ane lokal yieli yielyielbo naŋ puro yiri nyooroo bee wulluu eŋɛ.[27][28][29]

Ziyuo Congolese rumba leɛbo

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1937 naŋ wa tara, ka Réal leɛmaale o yelnare binni a nyoore bee wuli lokal yielyielbo ne ziyuo boŋŋmɛboma, naŋ yuo so-soŋ naŋ ba poɔrɔ ko Brazzaville yielŋmeɛrɛbɛ noba, naŋ poɔ Alphonse Samba, Michel Kouka, Georges Nganga, Côme Batoukama (guitars), Vital Kinzonzi (accordion), Emmanuel Dadet (saxophone, guitar, ane amine), ane Albert Loboko (banjo, piano, guitar).[27][30] Brass bands anaare da maalaɛ la a puoriŋ Brazzaville poɔ, naŋ e a Fanfare Militaire, a Fanfare de la Milice, a Fanfare Catholique, ane a Fanfare Munisipale.[31] Dadet ane Antoine Kasongo la leɛ a Congolese yielŋmeɛrɛbɛ fɔrɔ naŋ nyɔge a Congolese noba saaŋkoŋ yiele leɛre lɛɛŋ wa tɔ zenɛ, a derɛ yelkaama bompaala ennɛ ba yiele poɔ.[31] Dadet leɛ la a yielyiele na kaŋa naŋ baa a yiri poɔ a taa saxophone, clarinet ane guitar bammo fẽẽ zaa lantaa. Jazz soloists naŋ ko o nimivɛle eŋyuo, o maale la yiele gɔɔroŋ naŋ taa tontoŋ bontɛɛtɛɛ, naŋ taa kyenloo ne "free polyphony".[31]O seɛre band, "Melo-Congo," nyɛ la zɛgeroŋ yaga a nansaal-peɛle gambanneba poɔ, naŋ yire-erɛ yel-tɛɛtɛɛ naŋ yi dasaŋa seɛre; waltzes ane foxtrot te tɔ ana saŋa na ane pampana rumba, biguines, ane tangos.[4] O wane la lokal yielyielbo zɛgeroŋ duobo nimizeɛ yaga aŋa Pierre Mara, Georges Ondaye, Jean-Marie Okoko, Philippe Ngaba, Pierre Kanza, Casimir Bounda, Jean Dongou, Augustin Thony, André Tsimba, Pierre Loemba, Barète Mody, Pascal Kakou, Félix Maleka, ane Botokoua. A band nyɛ la eebo sonzaa lɛ, naŋ nyɛ eebo Poto-Poto poɔ a seɛre bar PICKUP poɔ, ane seɛre devuori zie aŋa Chez Faignond, Macumba, Beauté Brazza, Chez Ngambali, Mon Pays, ane Léopoldville.[31][4][28]


Ɔɔgore 1941 poɔ, Paul Kamba da mɛ la a Victoria Brazza noɔreyeni yielyielbo Poto-Poto poɔ, naŋ da poɔ Henri Pali Baudoin, Jacques Elenga Eboma, Jean Oddet Ekwaka, François Likundu, Moïse Dinga, Philippe Moukouami, Paul Monguele, François Lokwa, Paul Wonga, Joseph Bakalé, ane Auguste Boukaka.[32] A noɔreyeni yielyielbo lanleebu lombori de la a maringa lanleebu ane saaŋkoŋ yielyieli boma, naŋ poɔ a kɔkɔzuluŋ gaŋgaa, a patengé, tolenlenne (reminiscent of maracas affixed to hunting dogs), tolenleŋkparre naŋ e ekonga, a likembe, ane ziyuo yieli boma aseŋ accordion, guitar, mandolin, banjo, ane rackett. A ziyuo voonoo sɛɛte boma ane a maringa saaŋkonnoŋ boŋŋmɛ boma voonoo kpɛtaaloŋ daa yie la a e mannoo yelsoore ko a "ziyuo Congolese rumba".[32]

Bar de rumba congolaise à Léopoldville de 1955 à 1965
Des jeunes dansant dans un club de rumba congolaise

A 1940s-50s soga, Cuban son yiele lambo, aseŋ Sexteto Habanero, Trio Matamoros, ane Los Guaracheros de Oriente, da ŋmɛ la Radio Congo Belge eŋɛ Léopoldville poɔ, a nyɛrɛ duobo zɛgeroŋ a paaloŋ poɔ a yuomo kɔɔre naŋ tu vuoŋ.[33][34] Maringa seɛre yiele—ane a zaa ka a ba taa baaloŋ ne Cuban rumba—da leɛ la "Congolese rumba", a e Sexteto Habanero ane Trio Matamoros bonlonnaa irekɔde gbɛɛ yaga ba naŋ da ma turi de ka o e "rumba".[25] Yieli ŋmeɛreba tɛɛtɛɛ ane kpaaroone daa yie la a Congolese yiele zie, ane Paul Kamba, Zacharie Elenga, ane Antoine Wendo Kolosoy naŋ nyɛ emmo wuli ka banna la fɔrɔ.[28][4][27][35]

Elenga leɛre la a Congolese rumba lanleebu ne guitar solos de eŋ a yiele meɛbo ane mɛ yiele dannoo naŋ taa lanleebu guitar, lead guitar, bass kpara, saxophone, ane gaŋgaŋmeɛre.[36] Kyɛ ka Kasongo's Odeon-Kinois orchestra, bee Harmonie Kinoise, wane sebene, naŋ e pulluu noɔre mannoo kyɛlkyɛ, ne kpaamo a lanleebu guitar eŋɛ. Kasongo meŋ maale bee ŋmɛ la yiele yaga ko Olympia Editions.[31][37]

1948 poɔ, Antoine Wendo Kolosoy's irikɔɔdiŋ koɔroo ŋmɛ la "Marie-Louise", o sɛge tɔ ne guitar ŋmeɛrɛ Henri Bowane ka Greek Nico Jeronimidis, Ngoma Editions maale, a nyɛ eebo yaga sonzaa lɛ, a koɔre gaŋ miliyoŋ ayi kopiri.[36] A ŋaa mɛ la Léopoldville ka o e Congolese rumba zikpoŋ "yiele wederoŋ", a irikɔɔdiŋ maaale zie naŋ teɛ ane irikɔɔdiŋ studios faramine naŋ kaara ane irikɔɔde maale lombori Greek boŋkoɔreba naŋ be.[36]

Franco Luambo au Congo belge

1950s piiluu vuoŋ, lokal yielyielbo da de la bamenne laŋ ne Congolese yiele irikɔɔde zibeɛrɛ naŋ e nansaale peɛle naŋ wa ziŋ be boma, aseŋ Ngoma, Cognolia, Opika, Loningisa, ane CEFA, a piili maala gɔɔre ire naŋ yinne Congolese rumba.[27][28] A gɔɔre ire ŋa, gbɛɛ yaga yelsoore naŋ maŋ e "slower tempo" ane voone tɛɛtɛɛ, boŋŋmɛ tɛɛtɛɛ sogaŋ, yiele naŋ da paale aŋa Zacharie Elenga, Antoine Wendo Kolosoy, ane Antoine Moundanda's "Paul Kamba Atiki Biso" (1950) ane Antoine Moundanda's "Mabele Ya Paulo" (1953), Ngoma Editions naŋ irikɔɔde.[27][28][38] A irikɔɔde magere ŋa meŋ ko la a Belgian Congo gbaŋgbale soŋ ka ba ŋmɛ yaaroo do ane yiri baabo boŋŋmɛ tɛɛtɛɛ deebo ane bands, aseŋ African Jazz, OK Jazz, Conga Jazz, Negro Band, ane Rumbanella Band.[27][28] Ane a zaa ka a band yoe gbɛɛ yaga maŋ poɔ la a yelbiri "jazz", Martin yeli ka "African ane Latin American gbɛre la ka yiele kaama nyɔgebo nimizeɛ yi". Ba da de la a yuori ŋa bonso bipɔle bilii da taa la dabẽɛ̃ ne a American sogyere, a gaŋa zaa African Americans, naŋ da be militiri kamp Léopoldville poɔ a Second World War wagere. Gambanneba aseŋ Isaac A. Kamola naŋ be Trinity College ane Shiera S. el-Malik naŋ be DePaul University da bo ka a Congolese "jazz" ama

Sommo Yizie

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://books.google.com/books?id=7VmcEAAAQBAJ
  2. ↑ https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/15/congolese-rumba-added-unesco-heritage-list
  3. ↑ https://en.unesco.org/news/43-elements-inscribed-unescos-intangible-cultural-heritage-lists
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 https://books.google.com/books?id=fRycCwAAQBAJ&dq=rumba+from+yuka+and+Kongo+people&pg=PT151
  6. ↑ https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/01/22/beneath-the-rhythm-congolese-rumba-is-a-link-to-the-past
  7. ↑ https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/3159884/congolese-rumba-why-dance-recognised-unesco-special-and-what
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  9. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=9ETPEAAAQBAJ
  10. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=0XYrEAAAQBAJ
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=vBpmDAAAQBAJ&dq=Congolese+rumba+folk+music&pg=PT153
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 https://www.southworld.net/dr-congo-dancing-to-the-rumba-rhythm/
  13. ↑ https://www.kcrw.com/music/shows/tom-schnabels-rhythm-planet/congolese-rumba
  14. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC
  15. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ
  16. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=JOlGAQAAMAAJ&q=rumba%20comes%20from%20nkumba
  18. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=kbc7AQAAIAAJ&q=rumba%20comes%20from%20nkumba
  19. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=91CnDwAAQBAJ
  20. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=FaTfuuIlmqcC
  21. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=A3ZLvBuyDHEC
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 https://books.google.com/books?id=zGC_ZNOrKDwC
  23. ↑ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/039219219704517912?journalCode=dioa
  24. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=lJkkAQAAIAAJ&q=rumba%20enslaved%20kongo%20people
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/brief-history-popular-music-drc
  26. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/30249807 wa Mukuna, Kazadi (1992). "The Genesis of Urban Music in Zaïre". African Music. 7 (2): 72–84. ISSN 0065-4019. JSTOR 30249807
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222619/https://www.dac-presse.com/voyage-musical-laller-et-retour-de-la-rumba/
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 https://www.librairiecharlemagne.com/livre/6787987-histoire-de-la-musique-congolaise-52-ans-de-la--clement-ossinonde-ed-ices
  29. ↑ https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/musique-clement-ossinonde-en-sejour-brazzaville-129054
  30. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231028222612/https://www.dac-presse.com/albert-loboko-inspirateur-et-precurseur-des-notions-de-la-rumba-en-1932-congo-rumba/
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 https://web.archive.org/web/20240221023207/http://zenga-mambu.com/2019/09/07/les-deux-premiers-grands-orchestres-de-cuivres-de-brazzaville-et-de-kinshasa-en-1940/
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  33. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Africa v. 1. 2010 p. 407.
  34. ↑ https://archive.org/details/latintingeimpact0000robe
  35. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090101091525/http://aliaagency.com/artists/artist.php?id=10
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
  37. ↑ https://www.congopage.com/le-sebene-dans-la-musique-congolaise-moderne
  38. ↑ https://hal.science/hal-03540376v3/document
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