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Nensaalba Bondirii

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nensaalba bondirii
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Aŋa yitaalombilebondirii Maale eŋ
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Nensaalba Bondirii  e la bondirii naŋ maale ne nensaalba diibu, kyɛ meŋ naŋ bondirii nensaalba na maŋ boɔrɔ ka ba di ba menne. Nensaalba nyɔvore poɔ, bondirii e nimizeɛ bone ba nyɔvooroŋ poɔ, ka kɔŋ wa kpɛ nensaala o meŋ maŋ yi bɔ la bondirii, kyɛ boma zaa naane e bondirii a ko nensaalaa.

Nensaalba taa la bondi-tɛɛtɛ ba naŋ maŋ di ka koro ba faŋa kyɛ vɛŋ ka ba baara soŋ. Gbɛɛ yaga a bondirii ama la teere, dɔnne, fungal, ane bondirii anaŋ naŋ terɛ eŋgane baabo, aseŋ bondirii anaŋ terɛ zee, bɛroŋ, faŋa, ane a mine kaŋa. Nensaalba e la boma naŋ dire teere ane dɔnne (nɛmɛ), nensaalba bɔ la a baŋ be ba naŋ na baŋ tu nyɛ bondi-tɛɛtɛɛ a yi ziiri. Saadayele wuli ka,  nensaalba nyɛ la bondirii a yi ziiri ayi  tɛgɛ; ka anaŋ la Naŋkpaanoo ane Koɔbo. Pampana ŋa la ka ziyuo ne kompiitare ane nempeela bommaale wa leɛre  koɔbo yeltarre. Koɔbo yoŋ la da e a bone nensaalba naŋ dɛlle ka ba nyɔvore bebe a tendaazaa poɔ. Saaŋkompare tɛɛtɛɛ ane paaloŋ tɛɛtɛɛ zaa la lantaa ka noba toɔ maale aseŋ,  cuisines ane  kuri bomaale, ane paale zeɛre bombaale, saaŋkompare tẽẽ,  spices, techniques, and bondirii. A yi nensaal tɛɛtɛɛ na maŋ te zeŋ laŋ taa, a yi zɔɔre bee boŋkoɔre yɛlɛ zuiŋ, maŋ vɛŋ la ka bondi-tɛɛtɛɛ be a paaloŋ na poɔ.

A wa tɔ zenɛ, bondirii yaga zie naŋ koro te faŋa kyɛ soŋ ka yageroŋ  yɛlɛ paale a tendaa zaa yi nansaala bondimaale zie kyɛ a bondirii ama maŋ yi weɛ bonkoɔre poɔ na ane boma mine nansaala na maŋ baŋ de a maale ne ka a yi bondirii. Pampana ŋa koɔbo kɔ ka a yi bondirii  be la ka neɛ naŋ taa lɔkoɔre. lɛ wuli ka pampana. Lɛ wuli ka koɔbo bondirri la kaara tendaa zaa zu noba aŋa 37% na.[1] peɛro meŋ wuli ka bondirii anaŋ te naŋ saaŋ tendaa zaa poɔ maŋ yi la a lɛ a zie naŋ maŋ leɛrɛ, a ŋmenaa ane a saa miibo ane a taaba mine.[2][3]

A yɛlɛ meŋ taa kpɛzie a yi paati paati yɛlɛ ane ɛntɛnete poɔ yelfere mine, ka a mine la; Koɔ yɛlɛ, noba yageroŋ duobu,  bondirii nyaabo zie, libie yeltarre, nensaalba laafeɛloŋ yɛlɛ, ane nensaalba laŋkpeɛbo yɛlɛ. Bondi-soŋ la e nensaala nyɔvore, a yelŋa yi a “ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)” kpaaroŋ deme zie. A ba yelnyɔgeraa la ka neɛzaa taa sori ka o di bondiraa zaa o soba naŋ boɔrɔ bonso bondirii la nyɔvore, a ba yelnyɔgeraa kaŋa la ka a ba seŋ ka nensaala a taa kɔŋ o nyɔvore poɔ a wagere mine bee beri mine. A lɛ zuiŋ bondirii zu kaabo paa e mɛre kaŋa bale ba naŋ maale biŋ aseŋ  Sustainable Development Goal 2 "Zero hunger" a yeli ŋa tɛgɛ la ka ba toɔ e lɛ banaŋ na baŋ e a iri kɔŋ a bare nensaalba poɔ a waara o yuoni 2030 poɔ, ka kɔŋ ta la be donnɛ poɔ. Bondi-soŋ ane bondirii zu kaabo e yelŋa kaŋa naŋ e a tendaazaa yelnyɔgeraa ka o na laŋ,” International Association for Food Protection, World Resources Institute, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, and International Food Information Council, ka fooŋ wa Ghana poɔ o na la ka ba boɔlɔ ka Food and Drug Administration, a lɛ meŋ ne o zu ka United States noba meŋ maŋ boɔle.

Bondirii Yizie

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nensaalba e la boma naŋ dire teere ane nɛmɛ zaa, nensaalba dire la zɛvaare, tewɔmɔ, nɛne ba naŋ doge, nao boroŋ, gyɛllɛ, ane a taaba gyamaa.[4] Bombie e la bondirii mine bale naŋ terɛ faŋa, a tendaazaa poɔ.[5] Kamaana, wheate, ane mui zaa la lantaa a e 87% bombie bondirii a tendaazaa peɛro naŋ wuli.[6][7][8] Peɛro naŋ wuli  ka a bombie zaa e la bondirii nensaalba naŋ dire, a e 55%, 36% e la dɔnne ka 9% a e bonfolo.[9] Fungi ane bacteria e la bonvoore mine naŋ be teŋɛ poɔ ka ba maŋ de maale ne bondirii aseŋ boroodo, daakpeɛŋaa, daabile ane yogurt.[10]

Global average human diet and protein composition and usage of crop-based products[11]

Nensaalba dire la teere tuturi naŋ be a teŋɛ zu kyɛ, ana baŋ ta ŋa 75,000 teere naŋ be a dɔnnɛ zu kyɛ ka 7,000 teere e bondirii[12] a ko nensaalba. Nensaalba bondirii faŋa zaa bee yaga zie be la kamaana, mui ane wheate eŋɛ. A boma ama e la boma ba naŋ na baŋ de a maa[13]le ne boroodo,  pasta, cereals, juices and jams, or raw bee a maale ne sikyirii, tẽẽ, kãã ane a ta gyamaa.[14] Kããbie ŋmɛnnoo la ka ba maŋ ŋmɛ ka a yi, aseŋ  sunflower, flaxseed, rapeseed (including canola oil) and sesame.[15]

Dɔnne mine meŋ e la bondirii, ba naŋ baŋ de a la a maale ne daadaa lɛ bee ka ba de tu ne tuuruŋ mine sɛre ka baŋ wa e bondirii a ko nensaala; ka anaŋ la nɛne, gyɛllɛ, zuma, boroŋ,ane daabile.[16] A e la boma naŋ taa tɔnɔ a ko nensaalba  yaga bonso ana la koro nensaalba faŋa, a ba waa ŋa teere anaŋ naŋ koro nensaalba saseɛ a ko nensaalba endaa.[17] Paaloŋ mine noba ba dire nɛne bee nɛne bondirii kyɛ ka a yi ba saaŋkompare, emmaaroŋ, saakonnoŋ, yiebu zie ane ba anaso. Noba mine meŋ bebe ka bɔrefɔ deme maŋ boɔle ka Vegetarians, banaŋ ba ba kyiiri nɛne, ba poɔ la maŋ pele ka ba yeli ka ba ba boɔrɔ nɛne ba nyɔvore poɔ. Noba mine meŋ bebe ka bɔrefɔ maŋ boɔle ka Vegans, banaŋ ba ba dire bondiraa na zaa naŋ taa nɛne bee dɔŋa endaa o poɔ.

Zum ane koɔ poɔ bonvoba mine, ama mane poɔ la ka ba maŋ nyɔgere a, bee baa poɔ, bee zimaaroŋ zie, bee tambɔge poɔ, coasts, estuaries, mangroves, near-shore areas, ane marine ane ocean koɔ. Aneazaa ka koɔ poɔ voba taa la tɔnɔ yaga a ko nensaalba emmaaroŋ a tendaa zaa poɔ. Kyɛ noba ba nyɛ a ka e bonzaa, bonso noba maŋ nyɛ la ka a zaa waa boŋyeni a e koɔ poɔ bondirii bee zum. A tendaa zaa poɔ, koɔ poɔ bondirii maŋ bebe wagere zaa kyɛ naŋ be tɛɛtɛɛ. A zuo la aŋa 2,370 boma banaŋ maŋ nyɔge yi zum keɛne mine poɔ, kyɛ ka a ta ŋa 624 e boma noba naŋ guolo  bee a kaara.Zum-zɔŋ, fish wafers, ane amine kaŋa zaa e la boma ba naŋ maale a yi ne zuma poɔ bonso a taa la tɔnɔ ko nensaala.[18]  

Noɔ Waaloŋ bee sagedeebo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

          Atikile meŋa : noɔ waaloŋ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Dɔnne mine, de ka nensaalba meŋa, taa la noɔ waaloŋ tɛɛtɛɛ, noɔ, nyennoo, tuo, miiruŋ, ane  a mine kaŋa.  Aneazaa ka dɔnne taa nenseɛ, a zie maŋ ko bee tere a faŋa  (sikyiri ane noɔ waaloŋ) ana la maŋ tere a ennoɔ ka neɛ toɔ di boŋkaŋa, aseŋ; tuo, tuo bee bontuo maŋ bone neɛ na maŋ woŋ o noɔ.[19]  Koɔ, aneazaa ka koɔ e bone kaŋa naŋ e nimizeɛ nensaala dɔŋa zaa nyɔvore poɔ kyɛ koɔ ba taa noɔ waaloŋ zaa bee tuo waaloŋ bee miiruŋ waaloŋ zaa.[20] Kãã  mine naŋ maŋ be dɔŋa endaa poɔ bee teɛ eŋɛ, a kãã ama la ka noba sage de ka a maŋ eɛ tage kyɛ taa noɔ.

Boŋ Noɔ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

      Atikile meŋa: noma

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Yelmeŋa zaa bona nyuu naŋ  noma maŋ taa noɔ waaloŋ a nensaala noɔre poɔ, a noɔ ŋa maŋ waa ŋa sikyirii aŋa boma mine a nansaala na maŋ boɔle ka  glucose bee fructose,[21] bee disaccharides ka noɔ seŋ ŋa boŋkaŋa a nansaala na maŋ boɔle ka sucrose.

A naaŋmene maaloo poɔ, nensaala nenseɛ maŋ be la o eŋɛ, a nomo ŋa la maŋ wuli o soba faŋa naŋ zaaŋ seŋ lɛ, kyɛ ka bontuo e bonfaa neɛ zaa na ba maŋ boɔrɔ.[22][23][24] A lɛ a noɔ naŋ do seŋ naŋ wuli lɛ a tuo meŋ naŋ seŋ, aŋaa pãã la maŋ wuli a nenseɛ ka o baŋ lɛ neɛ faŋa naŋ seŋ, bondirii ba boɔrɔ bontuo.[25]

Nansaala bommaale anaŋ naŋ nɔma a seŋ sikyirii, ana la ka ba maŋ de tɔɔ maale ne a sikyirii, ba maŋ maale la ka waa a sikyirii waa a nɔma a sikyirii noɔ kyɛ pãã ba taa a sikyirii faŋa.Teɛ kaŋa banaŋ boɔlɔ ka Stevia, o maŋ taa la boŋ lantaa ba naŋ boɔlɔ Steviol, ka banaŋ wa iri o maŋ taa noɔ aŋa 300 a pare lɛ aŋa lɛ sikyirii naŋ maŋ nɔma, kyɛ a pãã maŋ meele ne la zẽẽ.[26]

Miiruŋ  

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Miiruŋ, la maŋ wane a  acids aseŋ, vinegar naŋ maŋ be daa kpeɛŋaa poɔ. Miiruŋ maŋ be bondirii ama poɔ aseŋ aŋkaa poɔ, lime poɔ ane aŋka-kyɔdea poɔ. Miiruŋ maŋ wuli la lɛ bondirii kaŋ naŋ te ta lɛ na ka zanzulo ane boma mine a be a poɔ.[27] Bondirii yaga zie bebe ka anaŋ wa saaŋ a maŋ taa la nyuu kaŋa bale.

Nyɛnnoo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nyɛnnoo, e la boma naŋ taa  alkali metal ions aseŋ, sodium ane potassium. Nyɛnnoo e la boŋkaŋa naŋ maŋ be bondirii zaa poɔ, a ba maŋ be yaga lɛ a lɛ sɛmaane naŋ maŋ woŋ lɛ, a maŋ vɛŋ la ka bondirii taa nyuu kaŋa kyɛ taa noɔ meŋ, ka fooŋ nŋ di nyɛnno yoŋ a maŋ taa nyuu kaŋa neɛ na maŋ ba boɔrɔ. A nyɛnnoo taa la parɛɛ kyɛ kaŋa zaa maŋ taa lɛ onaŋ nɔma seŋ, a nyɛnnoo parɛɛ la;  sea salt, fleur de sel, kosher salt, mined salt, and grey salt.

A yelkaŋa meŋ la nyɛnnoo taa la noɔ a maŋ soŋ la ka a bondirii taa noɔ kyɛ tere diibu, ana la maŋ soŋ ka nensaala toɔ di seemaaŋ. A nyɛnnoo ŋa la maŋ soŋ ka nensaala sikyiri a tɔnɔ. Nyɛnnoo na baŋ e la iodized, lɛ wuli ka iodine poɔ la a nyɛnnoo ŋa poɔ. Iodine tonnoɔre a nensaala endaa poɔ la ka o koro nensaala faŋa, iodine da e la bone  a yuomo tuturi poɔ bone ba naŋ da ka o e emmaaroŋ bone. Iodine meŋ taa la baaloŋ mine a meŋ na maŋ koro noba a seŋ,  endemic goitre.[28][29]

Nasaala bondimaale mine poɔ, pampana nyɛnnoo la ka maŋ de e a bondirii ama poɔ ka a soŋ ka a bondi-balaa na biŋ kɔɔre kyɛ ba yele saamo yɛlɛ. Dakoreŋ na peɛro wuli ka nyɛnnoo la ka ba da maŋ de biŋ ne nɛrnɛ ka o ta saaŋ. A waa ŋa lɛ ba naŋ maŋ deɛle bondirii ka a ko.

Bontuo  

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bontuo,  nenaala bee dɔŋa zele la maŋ wuli ka boŋkaŋa noma la bee o taa la tuo. O maŋ e la boŋkaŋa a zele na maŋ wa yeli ka o toɔrɔ la ka o ta baŋ la ka bone ŋa eŋ ba noma. Aseŋ kofe, aŋkaa-nyɔdea, ane a taaba mine, tewɔmɔ mine meŋ bebe ka noba banne a ka e boŋ naŋ taa tuo.

Umami

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Umami, e la boŋkaŋa ba naŋ bigiri ka o e bone ba naŋ maŋ de dogerɔ ne nɛmɛ, bondirii anaŋ naŋ taa umami nyu kpeɛŋaa na tɔ maŋ taa la nɛne[30][31][32][33] o poɔ, zuma, ( zuma anaŋ ba naŋ big saamo eŋɛ,aseŋ  Maldives fish, sardines, and anchovies) a boma ama e la nansaala bommaale ba naŋ maŋ maale eŋ koŋkobilii poɔ. Boma mine na maŋ be a koŋkobilii ŋa a paale nɛ,ɛ bee zuma poɔ, tomato, zɛvaare anaŋ naŋ terɛ faŋa, nɛmɛ,  yeast extract, cheeses, and soy sauce.

Bondirii Maaloo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

          Atikile Meŋa: Bondirii ,Paaloŋ kaŋa bondirii maaloo, Tendaazaa bondirii maaloo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Gane zanne bɛrɛ mine yeli ka bondirii  la maŋ wuli noba saaŋkonnoŋ bee maŋ are leɛre noba saaŋkonnoŋ zu. A bondirii ŋa na baŋare leɛre la kɔkɔre zu, Goode Curtis ane Theophano, bondirii e la a saaŋkompare bompare baara naŋ na baŋ bɔre[34] ba saaŋkonnoŋ poɔ.

Noba yaga saaŋkompare de la bondirii  ka o e saaŋkompare bɔgre kaŋa, bonso ba maŋ de saaŋkompare bondimaale tɛɛtɛɛ a lantaa, aseŋ zeɛre boma naŋ taa yelyeni a yi a saaŋkomapare na poɔ, Yelerre mine naŋ maŋ e tɛɛtɛɛ la a ( a mine maŋ e la toluŋ, bee maaroŋ) A yelŋa zannoo la ka ba boɔlɔ Gastronomy. Noba yaga saaŋkompare bondirii maaloo, bondimaale boma, ane zie na ba naŋ maŋ maale a bondimaale boma kylie la bee leɛre la. A yele ŋa yi la bondirii maale koɔroo zie, ama la meŋ soŋ noba libie yɛlɛ taa nimiri a yi bondirii zie. A ba e diibu yoŋ zuiŋ.

Paaloŋ mine bondirii naŋ pore la  Italian, French, Japanese, Chinese, American, Cajun, Thai, African, Indian ane Nepalese. Saaŋkompare noba yagzie yeli ka a bondi-tɛɛtɛɛ yi la a nensaalba naŋ waa. Kyɛ ka noba mine meŋ yeli ka banaŋ ba ba sage a lɛ kyɛ meŋ yeli ka, nensaalba e boma naŋ dire teere ane nɛmɛ zaa, puopuoribo aseŋ yelsoŋ ŋmɛyaareba, noba naŋ kaara teŋa zu yɛlɛ meŋ yeli ka a ama na wuli bondirii neɛ naŋ na di o nyɔvore poɔ. Bondirii diibu maŋ yi la lɛ a bondirii naŋ noma seŋ a ko neɛ, a yeli la a teɛroŋ na o soba naŋ taa ko a bondirii kyɛ dire kyɛ nyuoru.  Bondirii mine bebe a noma gaŋ a taaba.

De wuluu

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Atikile meŋa: Bondirii de wuluu

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A bondirii veɛloŋ lɛ a naŋ taa ko nimiri ane lɛ ba naŋ maala ka a nyuu noma yoŋ na baŋ vɛŋ la ka noba di a ka banaŋ gba ba boɔraa. Noba taa la yelluŋ kaŋa, ka ka nimiri wa nyɛ bondirii lɛ ka o soba di la a boma ama. Ka bondirii wa maale soŋ a veɛle a meŋŋ maŋ boɔle la a direbe bonso a nyuu meŋa na zaa maŋ noma la ka anaŋ pãã gba ba noma.[35][36]

A laa na poɔ a bondirii naŋ na be meŋ wuli la lɛ a naŋ na baŋ noma seŋ bee maŋ vɛŋ la ka neɛ toɔ di a bondiraa na a woŋ o noɔ. A lɛ a bondilaa naŋ nyɛrɛ seŋ, o veɛloŋ ane lɛ o saaloŋ bee bolomboloŋ a laa naŋ waa na baŋ tage la neɛ bee a fere a soba ka o di a bodirii na.  A porɛɛ la aseŋ; a de granola a eŋ yoghurt poɔ, a de croutons  a eŋ salad poɔ bee zeɛre poɔ, a pãã kyeeŋ borodo a dɔgele, ka fooŋ pãã wa boɔrɔ ka a maaleŋ e baaloŋ ka fo ŋmaa butter a eŋ.[37]

A yelkaŋa meŋ na maŋ soŋ ka bondirii tere diibu la a lɛ a bondirii naŋ  maale ka a noma seŋ a de wuluu poɔ. Aseŋ; folaware mine naŋ maŋ are leɛ puori ko taa aŋa bonnoɔ ane bonnyennoo anaŋ maŋ laŋ kyɛnɛ aŋa kamaana ne a bie na.

Bondirii Maalo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

       Atikile: Bondirii maaloo sobie

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Aneazaa ka bondirii mine bebe ka neɛ na baŋ di a karaa lɛ, kyɛ a gyamaa zie meŋ bebe sɛre ka neɛ na baŋ di a, a seŋ ka o soba maale a maalo kaŋa bee de a tu ne sobie mine sɛre ka baŋ toɔ leɛ bondirii, sɛre ka a na e bonsonne, a nyuu naŋ na waa lɛ, a veɛloŋ, ane a noɔ.  Ka fooŋ boɔraa wieŋ, pɛgebo la ka o soba na pɛge, a nyɔge a ŋma bilibili lɛ ɛre bee  a de bondimaale boma mine a lantaa aseŋ, zeɛre boma.  A maŋ meele ne la boma de nyagetaa, ka bontoluŋ la bee ka bommaaroŋ la, boŋŋmɛne, ka bommiiru la bee  ka ba maŋ de pulitaa ne bondirii boma mine.  Yie poɔ, bondirii yaga zie maŋ maale la a koro-die poɔ, bondirii mine, a maaloo la wuli a noɔ a ne a veɛloŋ. A bondirii mine a maalo la soŋ ka a bondi-balaa na a ba saaŋ. A bondirii mine a saaŋkompare la maŋ wuli lɛ a na seŋ ka a tu kyɛ baŋ kpɛ nensaala noɔreŋ ka a wuli ka bondirii la ka o soba di. Diibu saŋa e la bondirii ba naŋ maaale ka a e bondirii ba naŋ na di ka kyɛ pãã taa wagere ane zie naŋ seŋ ka ba di a.[38]

Dɔnne Maalo.

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Dɔnne maalo zaa maŋ e la bondirii eŋa, ka banaŋ na maale dɔŋa zaa sɛre la a dɔŋa na kɔkɔre a ŋmaa, le o yagele ka o kpi, a emmo tãã faa mine ka o nyu bee a di kp. Tembɛrɛ poɔ,ba ba maŋ deɛ ŋmaa dɔŋa kɔkɔre a yiri poɔ a lɛ, gbɛɛ yaga a dɔnne taa la a koobo zie, a be la ka ba boɔlɔ dunne kobo zie, a be la ka maŋ koorɔ dɔnne  a maala koɔrɔ, noba mine maŋ yeli ka be la ka guolo dɔnne. Tembɛrɛ ane paaloŋ bɛbɛ gyamaa poɔ, a eŋ la merɛ ka o kaara ka ba dɔnne kobo zie. Aseŋ  United  State paaloŋ poɔ, ba taa la merɛ kaŋa ba naŋ boɔlɔ ka Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, ka a meraa la sɛre ka dɔŋa kaŋa zaa na ko, ba maŋ kaa la a dɔŋa nyɛ ka o taa la baaloŋ bee ka o ba taa, a mine ba maŋ kaa la a dɔŋa yiwaabo zie a nyɛ ka dɔnzuuraa la bee.

A meraa ŋa be la paaloŋ gyamaa poɔ, iri noba naŋ maŋ koorɔ a dɔnne a tuuro puoru yeltarre a bare, aseŋ, kosher, shechita, ane dhabīḥah halal. Kashrut tɛgɛ bee pare la, sɛre ka fo na ko dɔŋa zaa a seŋ ka a dɔŋa na baŋ saŋa na a o kɔkɔyoraa naŋ wa ŋmaa bare.[39]

A saaŋkpompare dɔŋkoorebo, na baŋ biŋ la dɔŋkpoŋ teŋɛ ka o leɛ nɛne a ŋmaare o bilibili lɛ, a de boma a vile pɔge a baŋ koɔre  a nyɛ libiri. A yi be meŋ, zum ane koɔ poɔ bondirii, maŋ baŋ maale eŋ la boma poɔ ba naŋ ŋmaare bilibili. A lɛ waana meŋ, zunnyɔgerebo bee zunŋmaareba maŋ e la a zunnyɔge daa zu.[40]

Bondi-kare maaloo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Paaloŋ mine poɔ, dɔnne ane zɛvaare mine bebe ka ba maŋ di a karaa lɛ. Salad a maŋ meele ne la zɛvaare bee tewɔmɔ, a pore bondirii maaloo gyamaa zie poɔ. Sashimi Japan korodiepoɔ poɔ, ba bondirii maaloo maŋ laŋ ne la zunkare bee nɛmɛ ane sushi gbɛɛ yaga a ama la ka ba maŋ de puli neŋ ne zuŋkare. Steak tartare ane salmon tartare e la bondirii ba naŋ maale ka a yi nao nɛne poɔ bee salmon nɛne poɔ, a boma maŋ meele ne la zeɛre boma gyamaa aseŋ  baguettes, brioche, bee frites.[41] Italy paaloŋ poɔ,  carpaccio e la bondirii mine naŋ taa bondikare yaga o poɔ, nanɛne karaa, drizzled ane vinaigrette ba naŋ maŋ de kãã[42] a maale ne. A emmaaroŋ tontoneba baŋ a la ka ba boɔlɔ bondikare, a bondirii ama la maŋ soŋ vɛŋ ka ka bondikare, teŋwɔmɔ, zɛvaare ane bombie mine mine ba na maŋ toɔ de maale ne bonditɛɛtɛɛ aseŋ;  juicing, food dehydration, sprouting, ane a mine kaŋa. A bondirii ama taaba ba seŋ ka a doge vuu a pare 118o F (47.8C).[43] A nɛne karaa bondiraa kaŋa la  ceviche, a yelbiri ŋa yi la a American bondiraa kaŋa ba naŋ maŋ de nɛne karaa a maale neŋ.

Bondirii Maalo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Atikile Meŋa : Bondirii Maalo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A “maalo” bondirii maaloo e yele naŋ taa yɛlɛ yaga o poɔ, a bondimaale parɛɛ, a bondimaale boma ane bondimaale boma de lantaa ba naŋ maŋ de lantaa a vɛŋ ka nensaala maŋ di boma a te nyɛ bare. Bondirii maaloo sobie la ka nempeela maŋ boɔle ka  culinary art, a wagere ŋa poɔ neɛ maŋ kyo iri bondiraa kaŋa maalo sobiyeni, a manne a bondirii lɛ naŋ na seŋ ka o toɔ maale, a pãã de ne bondirii anaŋ na senne de lantaa ka o de lantaa ka o toɔ maale bondirii anaŋ onaŋ boorɔ. A bondirii tɛɛtɛɛ ama maŋ lanne la zeɛre boma, bondimaale boma ane a bondimaale gɔɔloŋ na neɛzaa naŋ maŋ taa.[44] A bondimaale tɛɛtɛɛ naŋ be a tendaa zaa poɔ maŋ yi la lɛ a naŋ noma seŋ, a koɔbo zie, a daaroŋ zie, ba saaŋkompare waaloŋ zie, puoruu pare bee zie ama taaba la maŋ wane a bonditɛɛtɛɛ maaloo ane a noɔ tɛɛtɛɛ.[45]

Bondirii maaloo la ba mare vuu eŋ boma, aneazaa ka bondiraa zaa naane ka ba mara vuu ennɛ,  boma mine ka maŋ de maale ne bondirii ka ba ba mare vuu meŋa te naŋ baŋ te saaŋkompare poɔ.[46] Bondirii maaloo terɛ la faŋa yaga aseŋ, gyɛllɛ, nɛmɛ, zuma, a boma ama la ka ba maŋ de maale ne bondirii ka terɛ faŋa yaga a ko nensaala endaa. Danseɛ kaŋa bebe a kyaare ne bondirii anaŋ ba naŋ maŋ sɛ ka nansaala boɔlɔ a ka  Homo erectus, a bondirii ama maalo bebe a pare yuomo 420,000.[47] Dogebo e la a bondirii maaloo sobiri kaŋa, ŋa eŋ sɛre ka fo naŋ de a sobiri ŋa a maale bondiraa, a seŋ ka fo nyɛ bee taa bondoole. A yele ŋa piili la 10th  BC wagere, a saŋa ka ba da wane dalenseɛ.[48]

Bondimaaleboma

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

     Atikile Meŋa : bondoole ane boŋkyeena

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondimaale boma taa la tɛɛtɛɛ gyamaa ba naŋ maŋ de maale ne bondirii.

Bondimaale boŋ ba naŋ maŋ de kyeene boma, o e la boŋ naŋ e vuo kyɛ maŋ tolɔ wieŋ wieŋ, o maŋ baŋ tole la aŋa 500o F (260o C) a bone ŋa e la bone ba naŋ maŋ de seɛrɛ ne boma, a kyeenɛ ne boma, a maŋ de kyeeŋ ne boma ka a ko. Bondirii maaloo ziee tɛɛtɛɛ maŋ de bondimaale boŋkyeena ŋa meŋ tɛɛtɛɛ. Indian saaŋkonnoŋ poɔ, bondimaale boŋkaŋa ba naŋ boɔlɔ ka Tandoor o maŋ e la mɔllɔlɔ lɛ kyɛ ka ba maŋ nyɔge saseɛ eŋ poɔ kyɛ ka o pãã te taa o yuobu zie ka o e ziyeni.[49] A tuure paaloŋ poɔ, ba bondirii maalo zie, a bone ŋa la ka ba maŋ de seɛrɛ ne nɛmɛ a boma ama la ka maŋ nansaala boɔlɔ,  convection ovens,  toaster ovens,  microwave oven.  Italian bondirii maaloo zie, ba maŋ de la birikyiri a maale ba seɛbo zie, nɛne seɛbo zie na baŋ e dare vuu bone, saala vuu bone, saseɛ vuu bone, nansaala vuu bone onaŋ ka ba maŋ boɔle ka electric, bee oil-fired.[50]

A bondimaale boma ba maŋ de a la tone toma soŋ. A meŋ maŋ de la a lɛ anaŋ zaa na maŋ e bee a anaŋ zaa naŋ pore. Bondimaale boma ama la ka tole ne boma, fo maŋ de la a bondimaale bone ŋa dɔgele o zu a be a tuloŋ naŋ yire aseŋ a bondimaale boma ama kaŋa zaa, ka sauté pan la bee, ka sauce pan la, ka bone na  ba naŋ maŋ de kyeenɛ boma bee a onaŋ nansaala na maŋ boɔle ka pressure cooker. A boma ama fee naŋ pore a kyɛ na baŋ toɔ de maale ne bondikuone bee bondikyeene bee bondimara. A bondirii ama maalo sobie la waaloo,dogebo,wuulu ane  poaching ŋa la are ko bommaara sobiri, kyɛ ka boŋkuoni e a meŋ kyaare ne  sautéing, pan frying, ane deep-frying.[51]

Paaloŋ gyamaa poɔ, saseɛ vuu bone, saala, daare, laite, a boma ama la ka ba maŋ de maala ne ba bondirii. A bondimaale boma ama maŋ terɛ bee taa la toloŋ a pareŋ, gbɛɛ yaga kuri pɛmpɛlɛŋ la ka ba ŋmaa maale ne bee a pɔge ne a vuu sazu bee toloŋ sazu.  Barbecue naŋ be a American sapare poɔ, la e a damannaa kaŋa naŋ be a American bondimaale sobiri kaŋa ba naŋ maŋ de daare mare ne  vuu eŋ,saala vuu, a pãã de daare ba naŋ de buri ne koɔ ka a na uuro zoore.[52]  Mexican poɔ, ba boɔlɔ la  barbecue ka barbacoa, ŋa eŋ ba maŋ baŋ de maale ne la nɛne bondirii  aseŋ pegbuli  vuu naŋ mare you gaŋ. Argentina poɔ, asado (Spanish grilled:”) e la bone ba na maŋ de maale ne vuu naŋ mare bare vuo poɔ lɛ, a vuu ama taaba poɔ dɔŋe gbuli na vuuli la o poɔ,[53]

Bondirii Koɔrɔ zie

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii koɔrɔ zie la ka ba maŋ de neɛ eŋ ka o maala bondirii, ane neɛ naŋ koɔrɔ a bondirii koro a bondidareba a tabɔl zu.[54] A yelbiri ŋa (Restaurant) yi la samparoŋ kaŋa poɔ ba naŋ boɔlɔ ka Meat Broth; A  broth ŋa (bee bouillon) Paris poɔ la ka ba da de ko noba bondirii a yuomo tuturi naŋ pare 18th poɔ.[55][56] A bondirii koɔrɔ zie ama zaa ka pãã da leɛre yi ne a bondidirebe aseŋ,inns ane taverns,[56] a yi be meŋ,Parisian cafés, aseŋ café Procope, o na la ka ba daŋ de tere ne noba bpndirii, ama la ka ba da maŋ de lanne a bondirii na ba naŋ da.[57]

Bondidareba da bebe a Roman saŋa poɔ, ba da ta ŋa 150 “thermopolia” ama la da maŋ maale bondi-foŋ a yi a bondirii koɔrɔ zie, a pãã da be la a Pompeii[58] ane tembɛrɛ poɔ, ba naŋ maŋ maala bondirii a koɔrɔ meŋ paa da be la teŋkpoŋ kaŋa ba naŋ boɔlɔ ka  China a Song dynasty saŋa na poɔ.[59]

Libie Yeltarre

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii lambogiri taa la yeiwonaa bee yelferaa a kyaare libiyɛlɛ ane nensaalba laŋkpeɛbo poɔ, yelluŋ ŋa pãã ferɛ la noba yaga bee gyamaa a tendaa zaa poɔ.

Maaloo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

      Atikile meŋa: Koɔbo ane Guolu , Bondirii bimmu zie ane nensaala laafeɛloŋ bondirii .

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii gyamaa zie maŋ yi la koɔbo ane guolu zie. Pampana a yelerre duoro la a ziyuo koɔbo yeltarre, yelnyɔgeraa kaŋa bebe a kyaare ne lɛ koɔbo naŋ na tegitegi lɛ. A sobiri ŋa yi la lɛ noba yageroŋ naŋ la duoro seŋ , a ŋaa la pãã eŋ noba enyuori, ka ba de a saaŋkompare koɔbo, tẽẽ koɔbo,  sobie[60] nimizeɛ. Gyamaa naŋ poɔ a tendaa zaa bondirii koɔbo  kpaaroŋ bee yelnyɔgeraa poɔ la, (e.g. the World Trade Organization and Common Agricultural Policy), A paaloŋ Gɔbenɛnte merɛ maaloo (national government policy (or law), ane Zɔɔre (war).[61]

Kpaaroŋ gyamaa pãã da piili boɔlɔ la nempaaleba naŋ be  agroecosystems koɔbo poɔ, a noba ba ma da terɛ bondirii kyɛ naŋ sonna ne boŋkaŋa nansaala na maŋ boɔle ka  ecosystems, a sommo ŋa la maŋ vɛŋ tɛnne kuoluŋ naŋ bebe kyɛ ba saaŋ ne tẽẽfaare. A Tendaazaa  Koɔ Kaabo Nembɛrɛ (International Water Management Institute and UNEP), [62]a kpaaroŋ ŋa ama zaa da soŋ la a  agroecosystems a da ba e ŋa bondirii yoŋ sommo la ka ba da soŋ, kyɛ ba soŋ ne la ,dɔnne bommaale, a boma mine ba naŋ da soŋ ne la, noba yi koɔ na maŋ wa wuoba boma, ba da la soŋ noba naŋ be ziiri ka koɔ maŋ zo sigi a piiri poɔ kyɛ bare a sazu, a lɛ yoŋ naane ba da la soŋ la noba aneŋ koɔ na maŋ tuo a tɛne gaa kyɛ bare a zie ka o e bogiri bogiri a lɛ ane meŋ ba da sonna la teere sɛllo ane a baabo yeltarre ane boŋagere, zuma, ane dɔnne mine a taaba.

Bondirii Kuribu

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

         Atikile Meŋa: Bondirii Kuribu

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
lɔkoɔraa
kobilii poɔ bondirii

Bondirii ba naŋ maŋ maale eŋ ɔrebare poɔ e boma ba naŋ maŋ maale yempoɔ a koɔrɔ. A yelŋmaa ŋmaa kaŋa la nɛŋkoɔrɔ naŋ kooro nɛmɛ a koɔrɔ bee yelkpeɛŋaa kaŋa meŋ la a ziyuo tendaazaa bondirii maaloo zie. A dasaŋa na bondirii bimbu bee kaabo la, ɔrebare poɔ embo ane a tuogaabo zie. Azuiŋ a dasaŋa na nyɛnnoo, deɛloo, ɔnnoo bee seɛbo,[63] tampɛloŋ poɔ dipebu. Bondirii kuribu da piili la a ziyuo wagere a yuomo tuturi poɔ 19th wagere na poɔ.[64] A yelŋa pãã da e la yelsoŋ naŋ vɛŋ ka boma koɔrɔ kpɛ a nempeɛla ziyuo boŋkoɔre yeltarre poɔ. Aseŋ zɔŋ ɛre mɔnsime,ferige, ɔrebare poɔ embo, nambare sɛge-embo ane tuogaabo bee toɔle baroo zie. A wane la yelsoŋ a maŋ vɛŋ ka bondirii ba naŋ maale a biŋ kɔɔre, a yi be puoriŋ wagere saaŋ ba la kyɛ a kyaare ne bondirii maaloo.  Aŋaa meŋ la soŋ la ka nembatoɔne naŋ koŋ baŋ toɔ de bondimaala biŋ ba yie poɔ.[65]

A 21st yuomo piilu poɔ, kpaaroŋ mine ayi kaŋ naŋ da bebe, banaŋ da yi ne ba bondimaale mine ka a de yuori neɛzaa ta ŋmɔre baŋ a[66] . Bondirii maalo zie zibibilii meŋ bebe a paaloŋ poɔ ba naŋ maŋ maala bondirii a koɔrɔ. Ziyuo boma meŋ wa la leɛre a bondirii kuribu sobie, aseŋ kompiitare yelkaare, ɔreba poɔ bondirii embo, ane bondirii tɔrebo, vɛŋ la ka noba taa sagedeebu a  ko noba naŋ dire a bondirii, a lɛ meŋ maŋ la sigeri la a bondirii daaroŋ.[65]

A Tendaazaa bondirii daabo ane koɔrebo.

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

           Meŋ kaanyɛ: Yageroŋ manne wuluu

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

A tendaazaa libie bimbu zie da ŋmɛ daworo yaare ka, European Union  da noba naŋ de weɛŋ a be a saazu neŋ bondirii da gaane ba teŋɛ poɔ, a yi teŋa puoriŋ  US ane Japan meŋ la tuuru ne a bondirii daabo poɔ. Britain noba da boɔrɔ la a bondirii kyɛ tendaazaa zɔɔre ayi na soba zuiŋ. Aneazaa ka ba da eŋ la meraa ka bondirii maŋ viiri a leɛrɛ, Britain noba ka bondi-daare ne naane ka lɛ a nɔlaŋ na ba neŋ a Battle of the Atlantik naŋ eŋ ko taa na.

Bondirii  koɔroo be tendaa ŋa poɔ ka a saŋa kɔɔre. Bondirii boɔbo pampana ŋa ba la kye tuo, bonso zitɛɛtɛɛ ane bondi-kɔ tɛɛtɛɛ  ane wagere na a boŋkoɔre na maŋ kɔ maŋ taa la tɛɛtɛɛ.[67] A yi 1961 ane 1999 yuomo kpakyaga poɔ, ba teondirii bee bonkoɔre kɔɔre ka a yi a paaloŋ na ba naŋ kɔ a yɛlɛ d ad la saa a ta ŋa 400% ndaazaa poɔ.[68] Anaŋ waana ŋaa paaloŋ mine naŋ bebe sɛre ka ba na nyɛ bondirii see ka a yi paaloŋ kaŋa a wa, azuiŋ a paaloŋ ama taaba poɔ bondirii daaroŋ do ta ŋa 80%.[69]

A  1994 yuoni naŋ pare poɔ, a da zuo la tatenne 100 naŋ leɛ sɛge la ba sagebo golgollu a ko Uruguay Round ane General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ka sage la duori a Trade Liberalization. A yelŋa sagebo da paale la ka ba na sigiri sama anaŋ a koɔrebo naŋ da maŋ yɔɔ, a WTO la da fere ka agricultural subsidy, tariffs, wa ne a meraa ŋa, a lɛ paa vɛŋ la ka boŋkoɔrebo ane bondareba ka a e kpeɛŋaa ne ba naŋ na laŋ yeli ka a manta.[70] Be la ka boŋkoɔrebo iri ane bondarba iri ne gbɛɛ a WTO ka leɛ a zɔɔre a kyaare ne  Codex Alimentarius Commission, a yelŋa pãã da piili la a 1962 yuoni poɔ, a United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. A boŋkoɔrebo da e la yele naŋ e yelferaa a ko tendaazaa bondikoɔrebo.[71]

Koɔroo ane da-leɛ koɔroo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

      Atikile meŋa: Bondirii Koɔroo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
Packaged food aisles of supermarket in Portland, Oregon, United States

Bondirii koɔroo maŋ laŋ la koɔreba ane didirebe taa. A boŋkoɔrebo boma koɔroo na baŋ e la bondi pare yeni kyɛ ka o maaloo taa tɛɛtɛɛ gyamaa. Kompani 56 la laŋ maala noɔ zeɛre bondirii. A yɛre noba bama koŋ baŋ wuli ka nɔbilii ane zɛvaare yoŋ naane ka ba zaa na maŋ de paale ne a eŋ be koŋkobilii poore.[72] A tendaazaa poɔ, bondirii koɔroo yoŋ la e bone pore a na baŋ e neɛ naŋ de fo toma ka fo tona ka o soba yoɔrɔ fo bee a na baŋ e la fo meŋa toma, United States paaloŋ bondirii koɔroo ba e gɔbenɛnte toma.

A saŋa na, a bondirii kyɛlle koɔroo maŋ de la daa gbuli ka a koɔreba wa de ba boma a gaane a dabilii na poɔŋ. A kyɛ la ka ba maŋ koɔre bondirii a ko noba banaŋ tonna bondirii koɔroo toma, ka ba na koɔre ko noba banaŋ daara dire. Pampana ŋa ziyuo naŋ yi ane nansaala bommaale naŋ yi, a vɛŋ ka bondirii maale bimmo ba la taa dabeɛŋ a la waana meŋ ka banaŋ maale bondirii ka a seŋ wollo zaa kyɛ a koɔroo ba maŋ e tuo a na wa yele tuobu bee a de toɔle ka a gaa zie kaŋa. Azuiŋ noba banaŋ tona bondirii toma ama la maŋ taa bondirii koɔroo dibɛrɛ. ka fooŋ te be a boɔro bondirii fo maŋ te yeli bondiraa na fo naŋ boɔro aneŋ lɛ fo naŋ na toɔ di ka a manne fo na. kyɛ te bɔ zie a zeŋe a kyɛllɛ fo bondirii ka a wa ka fo di kyɛ te yɔɔ.

A  20th yuomo tuturi naŋ pare poɔ, kyɛ boma koɔre dire a nansaala na maŋ boɔle ka SUPERMARKETS da bebe bee ba da dɔge o la ka o voorɔ.  A Supermarkets ama poɔ la ka neɛ maŋ kpɛ o ba soorɔ ka bone ŋa bebe bee ka o ba kyebe, ka fooŋ te kpɛ a zi balaa ŋa tɔ poɔ, ba maŋ ko bee tere la karataa kaŋa naŋ soŋ ka fo iri boma na fo poɔ naŋ boɔrɔ ka a daa sigi manne fo teɛroŋ. A bondirii koɔroo ŋa zie la ka neɛ maŋ gaa kpɛ nyɛ bondirii daa naŋ be noɔ bee e mɔlɔ. A 20th yuomo naŋ wa gɛrɛ baaroo poɔ, ba pãã da leɛre la bondirii koɔre zibɛrɛ ama ka a leɛ boŋkaŋa a nansaala na maŋ boɔle ka WAREHOUSE, a zie ŋa ka ba maŋ biŋ a boŋkoɔre a pãã gɛrɛ iri waana ne a  boŋkoɔre die poɔ.

Ama ba waa ŋa bondirii  bimbu zie. Bondikoɔrebo e la noba soga poɔ neɛ, a wagere ŋa la ka nenfeelɛ maŋ kaa toŋkoŋ kaŋa tontonneba. A SUPERMARKETS ama la maŋ toɔ da kɔreba bonkoɔre gyamaa te biŋ a koɔrɔ koro dadirebe. Noba naŋ maŋ di ba libie eŋ bondirii eŋɛ ka a gaa kɔreba zie ba ta 10%, kyɛ a kpoŋ zie maŋ gaa la deebo zie bee toɔlɔ zie bee tuo gaa ziyuo zie.

A Nyaabo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii nyaabo maŋ e yeli kaŋ naŋ be nensaalba laŋkpeɛbo poɔ e la kpeɛŋaa. Noba naŋ ba taa eebo gbɛɛ yaga maŋ e la toɔre neŋ ba naŋ nyɛ bondisoŋ a di a taa emmaaroŋ aŋa lɛ nensaala naŋ seŋ ka o di bondirii a taa kpeɛŋaa. Peɛroo wuli ka noba 94 miliyɔŋ ba maŋ gaa la bondikoɔrebo zie, ŋaa wuli ka Americans noba kyɛŋ la a gaa zie naŋ e toɔre aseŋ 5.95 km (3.7 mɛlɛ) bebiri zaa a te da bondirii.

Bondirii daaroŋ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

          A zie ŋa la na wuli a bondirii daaroŋ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food Price Index 1961–2021 in nominal and real terms. The Real Price Index is the Nominal Price Index deflated by the World Bank Manufactures Unit Value Index (MUV). Years 2014–2016 is 100.

Bondirii daaroŋ e la lɛ ba na maŋ koɔre bondirii ka a do seŋ ko noba ka ba da te di, a tatenne poɔ, paaloŋ mine poɔ, ane a tendaazaa. A bondirii maŋ e yelferaa bee yelwonaa kaŋa ferɛ a kɔreba ane bondirii da-direbe. A bondirii daaroŋ la maŋ wuli sobie na a bondi-balaa naŋ tu kyɛ baŋ wa toɔ leɛ bondiraa naŋ na toɔ kpɛ noɔre poɔ bee a sigi poɔŋ. Amine meŋ maŋ yi la lɛ a bondiraa tuobu naŋ taa wahala ane lɛ a koɔrɔ naŋ be tuo bee kpeɛŋaa. Ka bondirii daaroŋ wa do saa a maŋ yi a noba noɔre naŋ diri a bondibalaa na, bee yele yaga maŋ bebe. Ka a mine la; paati yeltarre, tendaazaa boɔbo, a libie tɛgebo, gɔbenɛnte merɛ, baaloŋ ane bonbiiri, faŋa balebo, a nyaabo yeltarre a kyaare a koɔbo boma, a bondiraa na yelboɔre, zikoɔraa na bee ka teŋɛ na wa leɛre ane ka yelerre mine wa kanyɛfɛroŋ ko a bondirii daa.

A yelwonii mine naŋ maŋ bebe kaŋ bondirii daaroŋ wa do saa. A zagere a zaa a tembɛrɛ poore, ama baŋ vɛŋ la ka noba ba taa pɛnnoo. A bondirii daaroŋ meŋ maŋ baŋ yi lɛ a bondiraa na naŋ ba taa baaaloŋ a poɔ, ane  lɛ a bondiraa naŋ maale soŋ, zager a zaa ka gyamaa wa la ka ba maala tere, aseŋ pɔgeba ane bibiiri.

Bondirii daaroŋ a lɛ anaŋ duoro lɛ ka a duoro bonso a bondirii maaloo tɛgerɛ la, a bondirii bommaale tɛgerɛ la,. A tendaazaa noba yageroŋ maŋ de la feroo kaŋ bale a eŋ kɔreba. A tendaa yelerre leɛrɛ la, a saa miibo meŋ leɛrɛ la a paale ŋmenaa, sakpoŋ waabo, ane lɛ a teŋɛ toloŋ bee maaroŋ na maŋ duoro saa, ama zaa maŋ taa la yelferaa kaŋa a ko kɔreba a kyaare ne a bondirii koɔbo.

Noba mine paa da va-yi la ka ba soŋ ka bondirii saambaroo a ŋmaa bare, ka anaŋ wa wuli ka a bondiri daaroŋ zie ka ama yi, ka a daaroŋ maŋ do la yaga zuo bee ka a daaroŋ maŋ sigi la puliŋ a zuo, ka ba toɔ nyɛ lɛ ba naŋ na baŋ soŋ. A  CPI ( ona ka nansaala maŋ yeli ka dadirebe daaroŋ noɔre) peɛpeɛrebb da yeli ka bondirii zaa daaroŋ da do gaa 0.8% a yi a Bɛntuuri Kyu a 2022 yuoni poɔ a gaa Sakyɔre Kyuu a 2022 yuoni  a paa la yi be bondirii daaroŋ da la do la saa a gaa 11.4% a Sakyɔre Kyuu poɔ a 2021 yuoni poɔ, ka fo nyɛ ka a bondirii daaroŋ a 2021 yuoni a da e la tuo.

bondirii mine boroodo, mui ane pasta

As Investment

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

            A kyɛ kyaare la bondirii yeltarre

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Food Speculation: tɛgɛ la bondirii koɔrebo ane a daabo, ka fo daara binne bee ka fo daara gɛrɛ ne ana te maale di bee ka fo daara la gɛrɛ ne meŋ nala te koɔre a nyɛ tɔnɔ bee fasoɔ kaŋa. Bondirii koɔrebo ne daabo na baŋ taa yelsoŋ ane yelfaare zaa a kyaare a koɔraa zie bee a dadaara. Bondirii daaroŋ a daa poɔ waa ŋa kyakya na fo na baŋ da la te ŋmɛ sane bee kaŋ fo da te nyɛ tɔnɔ.

Bondirii daabo ane a koɔrebo, a tendaazaa poɔ zu deme la libie bimbu zie, pɛnnoo saŋa libie, a wagere ŋa poɔ la ka ba maŋ saana libie ennɛ bondirii eŋa aseŋ a bondirii ama taaba, wheat, kamaana, bɛŋkpale aneazaa ka a maŋ taa la daaroŋ maŋ e la kpeɛŋaa. Adam Smith a 1776 yuoni poɔ, da wuli la o teɛroŋ ka sobiri na yoŋ fo naŋna baŋ tu kyɛ nyɛ libiri la ka fo yɛrɛ bondirii lambogori yɛroŋ. O manne ka fo maŋ da a la mɔlɔ kyɛ te koɔre da-tuo, o e la sobiri kaŋ naŋ taa kanyɛfɛroŋ ko bondirii daa a maŋ vɛŋ ka bondirii a baare daa poɔ wieŋ.  KA fooŋ kaa nyɛ lɛ wuli ka bondirii ba taa ka a taa ka a daaroŋ tɔnɔ la ŋa ka o deɛ are dayeni lɛ. A tendaazaa poɔ bondirii ba taa tɔnɔ, bondirii daabo ane koɔrebo maŋ vɛŋ la ka naŋ kooro noba kyɛ naŋ saana bondirii.

A ŋaa paa ba wuli ka ba iri bondirii koɔrebo ne a daabo e la a yeli na na maŋ vɛŋ ka bondirii baare wieŋ, bee ka a ba nyɛrɛ, a lɛ paa ba wuli ka ba iri bondirii koɔrebo ane a daabo a bare. A bondirii daaroŋ leɛro ma yi la yɛlɛ mine naŋ kyɛŋ kpɛ. Bondirii koɔre ne a daabo yeltarre na baŋ e yelwonaa naŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka kɔreba boma baare. A yi 2007 te 2008 a tendaazaa pondirii daa naŋ da do saa yi la a kɔreba boma naŋ da ba la kyɛbe.

Yelwonnii  

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
MyPlate replaced MyPyramid as the USDA nutrition guide.

Bondirii naŋ kyaare nensaala nyɔvore yɛlɛ zuiŋ, bondiraa za naŋ wuli ka o e la bondisoŋ ane a maaloo zie maŋ yelferaa kaŋa a kyaare ne nensaala nyɔvore yɛlɛ.

Bondirii yelsonne ane a yelwonnii

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Nensaala emmaaroŋ ane kũũ kpakyagaŋ, bondirii naŋ ba soma bee neɛ naŋ ba nyɛrɛ bondirii dire,peɛro wuli ka baaloŋ kaŋa bebe ka o soba wa tɛge o bondirii na o naŋ da daŋ dire. Bondirii naŋ ba taa pare na baŋ wane la baaloŋ a ko nensaala endaa, a baaloŋ ŋa ama ba maŋ e baaloŋ pare yeni ana baŋ e la, zee zuo baaloŋ, poɔ natere baaloŋ, a meŋ baŋ vɛŋ la neɛ zu a gyɛre ka o soba erɛ ŋa neɛ zu naŋ ba tona. Dɔgetare naŋ are te bondirii laafeɛloŋ bee a kaara bondirii laafeɛloŋ zu peɛroo vɛŋ ka te baŋ ka bondirii mine bebe ka a diibu ba maala nensaala endaa.

Bondirii naŋ baara eŋgaŋ poŋi eŋ laŋgbulo la ziiri yaga. Ka a mine la, bondirii anaŋ naŋ terɛ faŋa, bondirii anaŋ naŋ terɛ bɛroŋ, ane bondirii anaŋ naŋ terɛ zee. A bombilii mine meŋ naŋ poŋi eŋ la laŋgbulo poɔ ka anaŋ meŋ la, anaŋ ka nansaala maŋ boɔle ka minerals ane vitamins. A yi be meŋ bondirii meŋ maŋ taa la koɔ ane boma mine a poɔ.

Aŋa lɛ na daŋ manne, a nensaala endaa maale la ka o maŋ woŋ a bondirii noɔ aŋa lɛ naaŋmene naŋ maale bare teŋɛ zu, yelmeŋa zaa naŋkpaaneba ane amine kaŋ naŋ maale bare. Bondinoɔ ane bɛroŋ bondirii la ka naaŋmene bare ko teŋɛ zu noba ka ba maŋ kaa iri anaŋ ba naŋ boɔrɔ ka ba di wagere zaa ba naŋ boɔrɔ. zie la wa yuo ka a bondirii ama nyaabo e mɔlɔ ko noba ka ba dire.

Kɔŋ ane Bondirii mombo.

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii naŋ ba maŋ saale maŋ wane la kɔŋ gaabo ane bondirii maale ka a ba tori bee ba e soŋ. A yelŋa maŋ fere vɛŋ la ka bondirii a mii a ba taa diibu, aŋaa maŋ vɛŋ la ka bondirii bakyebe a teŋa paaloŋ na zaa poɔ. Aŋaa na baŋ vɛŋ la ka saseɛ va baaloŋ yɛre pa teŋa zaa a eŋ a nensaalba a vɛŋ ka ba laafeɛloŋ yɛlɛ ba taa nimiri. Rationing noba maŋ tasoga poŋi la bondirii a viiri a teŋa zaa saŋa bondirii na maŋ wa baare a teŋa poɔ, a yelŋa da maŋ kyaara erɛ la a saŋa a zɔɔre naŋ da maŋ iri.

Bondirii mombo la e a yelkpoŋ kaŋa naŋ e a tendaazaa yelferaa. A ta noba 815 miliyoŋ naŋ ba taa kpɛzie, bibiiri ta ŋa noba 16,000 na maŋ kpi bebiri zaa a yi kɔŋ bee bondirii banaŋ ba maŋ nyɛ di. A bondirii bakyebu ŋa waa ŋa lɛ a Maslow's hierarchy of needs naŋ bigiri wuli na, ka fooŋ na de manne bondirii na maŋ mii a saaŋ ka ba de lɔɔ bare.

Bondirii Saamo, bee Sããbo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

            A foɔlaa ŋa la wuli bondirii saamo ane lɔɔbaroo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii saamo ane a lɔɔbaroo e la bondirii naŋ ba la taa noɔre poɔ kpeɛbo a ko nensaala laafeɛloŋ eŋɛ. Aŋaa maŋ yi la lɛ bondiraa na waa, a saŋa ba naŋ maala o, o maaloo sobie bee sobiri, a tɔrebo bee puobu sobiri bee sobie, a leɛ koɔrɔ zie ane lɛ a koɔrɔ zie naŋ waa, a paa paale noba na noɔre naŋ dire a bondi-balaa na. ka fooŋ kaa a yɛlɛ ama zaa wa gaa fo na nyɛ la ka a tendaazaa poɔ bondirii ba naŋ baŋ lɔɔbare e ba maŋ poɔrɔ bee a maŋ e la gyamaa, azuiŋ bondimaale boma ba naŋ maŋ lɔɔbare a wagere na poɔ maŋ e la gyamaa. A 2021 yuoni poɔ, a Unite Nation Environment  Programme Meta-analysis deme( a Unite paaloŋ noba naŋ taa tendaa zu kpaaroŋ) da yeli ka a tendaa zaa poɔ, bondirii na maŋ saaŋ yuoni gbuli zaa poɔ maŋ e 931 miliyoŋ toŋ ( a eŋa a ŋa 121kg neɛzaa na maŋ saaŋ) a viiri a tendaa parɛɛ ama ata zaa. 61% bondi-saaŋ a yi yiri gbuli zaa, 26% a yi  bondirii maaloo zie ane 13 % a meŋ yi bondirii koɔroo zie.

Bondirii saabo na baŋ poɔle la ( a yi bondirii maale biŋ soŋ zie), biŋ soŋ a leɛ de tone ne toma, ( bondirii puobo bee de kyeɛbo), dɔnne de embo. Weɛ poɔ bondirii kyiribaroo seŋ ka ba bare bonso a maŋ waana ne la baaloŋ. Ka bondirii saabo na baŋ sigi peli poɔ na e la yelsoŋ a ko a tendaa kɔreba, a ŋaa na soŋ la ka koɔ, teŋa bee tɛne, ane boma mine.

Bondirii saabo e la yelkpoŋ kaŋa naŋ vɛŋ ka koɔbo yeltarre a taa tɛgebo pampana, (a ŋa 3.3 billion ton teere saseɛ maŋ bɔre la yuoni zaa poɔ) ane teŋa zu yelferee mine aseŋ, tensoga, koɔ ane saseɛ bɔrebo. A meŋ maŋ wane la bondirii bombiiri a tendaa zaa poɔ. A UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Da sɔre la a tendaa zaa bondirii saamo a koɔrebo zie ane didirebe zie ka ba vɛŋ ka a bondirii saabo sigi, a ba yelnyɔgeraa ŋa paa da piili la a yi a kɔrebo zie ka ka banaŋ toɔ taa a ŋa te ta 2030 yuoni poɔ, ka bondirii saabo koŋ la kyebe togitogi. A 2022 yuoni poɔ, a United paaloŋ noba naŋ kaara a saseɛ yeltarre da sage la ka ba na sigiri la bondirii saamo a wane 50% a waana a 2030 yuoni poɔ.

Merɛ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

        A foɔlaa ŋa la wulo Bondirii merɛ.

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii merɛ e la zie kaŋa naŋ e a tendaa zaa noba merɛ,  naŋ kyaare lɛ bondirii na maŋ e maale, a maale bimbu, toɔlebo, kɔɔrebo bee a daabo. Bondirii merɛ e la boŋ ba naŋ maale biŋ ka o kaara kɔreba boŋkoɔreba naŋ taa ko nensaalaba endaa emmaaroŋ. A merɛ ŋa yelnyɔgeraa la ka ba koɔbo ane bondirii maale bimbu sobie, koɔroo sobie,  ane a bondirii diibu, a yelŋa yelnoɔ zaa la ka ka ba yelnyɔgeraa toɔ nyɔge a noba poɔ. Bondirii merɛ na baŋ e la merɛ naŋ go tendaazaa bee paaloŋ yennaa kaŋa poɔ, a na baŋ e gɔbenɛnte, yɛrɛ deme, kpaaroŋ deme. Bondirii  merɛ maaleba da laŋ la taa a e yɛlɛ mine aseŋ bondirii merɛ maalo yeltuuri a kyaare ne bondirii maalo zie, ba da maale la merɛ kaŋa a kyaare ne lɛ a naŋ na ta ka neɛ baŋ toɔ biŋ bondisoŋ a ko a nembaalba, a yelkaŋa la bondirii sommo, bondirii yuori sɛge embo, ane bondirii anaŋ naŋ taa sori ka a kpɛ daa.

Bondirii merɛ kponzie maŋ eŋ la biŋ ko a yie poɔ, bonso ba maŋ boɔrɔ ka nensaala taa emmaaroŋ a kyaare bondirii yiwaabo zie a ko neɛzaa naŋ be a teŋa poɔ.  Sɛre ka a teŋa na you, yelnyɔgere mine ata bebe  naŋ kyaare bondirii ; a go nembaalba a yi bondirii naŋ poɔ, a maale daa naŋ na maŋ kɔɔre bee e kpoŋ ka noba yaga na maŋ toɔ kpɛ ne ba boŋkoɔre ka a pare baaraa soba la a na maŋ soŋ la ka bondirii yaga a bebe lɛ meŋ naŋ waana ne libie a koro a teŋa noba.

Bondirii maaloo merɛ sobie poɔ, a gɔbenɛnte la maŋ deweɛŋ ne a yelsgebinneŋ, ka a mine la tatenne you baaloŋ nyɔgebo a kyaare bondirii koɔroo bee daabo, . Gbɛɛ yaga a kɔreba la maŋ woŋ a gɔbenɛnte tuo, bonso a gɔbenɛnte la biŋ bondirii koɔrebo libiri sembo a ko a dadareba, a daaroŋ ŋa maŋ e la mɔlɔ a ko a tembɛrɛ deme naŋ bmaŋ daara a kori bilii poɔ a yire ne a kɔreba ziiri. Ka a boŋkoɔre daa la maaleŋ sigi bee e mɔlɔ yaga, a koɔraa ba maŋ la taa ennoɔ ne a bondirii koɔbo, azuiŋ kɔŋ maŋ baŋ le la, a naŋ deme la maŋ woŋ a tuo, a yi be puoriŋ ka bondirii wa yi paaloŋ yuo poɔ waana a daaroŋ maŋ e la tuo.

Tembɛrɛ poɔ, aseŋ United States poɔ, bondirii ane a merɛ seŋ aka a kaa a maŋ yi paaloŋ kaŋa zaa irigin poɔ,paaloŋ kaŋa zaa libie yɛlɛ naŋ seŋ lɛ, a teŋa maalo yelfere a ko nensaalba laafeɛloŋ, nensaalba dɔrebo a kyaare ne bondirii yɛroŋ, ane banaŋ naŋ tona koɔbo bee guolu toma a paale banaŋ na maŋ de mɔnsimbɛrɛ a koɔrɔ neŋ wɛre. tembɛrɛ anaŋ poɔ kɔreba naŋ derɛ mɔnsime koɔrɔ ne,  ba maŋ mɔ la ba moɔbo zaa a nyɛ lɛ ba naŋ na e ka kɔreba libie nyaabo a ta ŋmaa bare lɛ zaa na la ka a boma daaroŋ pãã waa a daa poɔ, bee lɛ a boma daaroŋ naŋ sigi seŋ kyɛ kɔreba boŋkoɔre daa maŋ naŋ are la a lɛ. Bone na maŋ tasoga vɛŋ ka bondirii daa do saa la a naŋ maŋ wa ta wagere kaŋa ka ba ŋmaa bondirii daa bare na.

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Paaloŋ mine sɛge la a bondirii merɛ biŋ ka a saaŋ gbaŋgbale poɔ, ka anaŋ la ka ba boɔlɔ bondimaale boma. Tenne ama yeli ka bondiraa e la bonzaa ba naŋ maale, bee ka ba ba maale  kyɛ ka o bone ko nensaalba naŋ dire. A bondimaale boma mine banaŋ sɛge la bondiraa zaa naŋ taa tɔnɔ mine o poɔ bee a bondiraa na taa la o maalo ananso a ko nensaalba. A yoŋ naane bondirii boma aŋa, daa, boŋ-ɔɔre, koɔ, ane a taa mine e la boma banaŋ maale eŋ  ka apoɔ bondirii poɔ. Boma naŋ ba paale sagedeebo merɛ sɛge bimbo poɔ la, dɔnne bondirii, dɔŋa naŋ vooro, ( sɛre ka o na poɔ see ka ba maale o kpɛ ne daa poɔ a koɔrɔ), teere naŋ ba ta de kpe die sɛre, tee boma, nensaala endaa boma( samena, kaa Zeɛre, ane a taaba) tɔbɔ, ne a taaba mine, ane tẽẽfaare mine.

Bondiraa naŋ senne diibu

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
Right to food around the world, as of 2011–2012:  Adopted or drafting a framework law (19)  Constitutional, explicit as a right (23)  Constitutional, implicit in broader rights or as directive principle (41)  Direct applicability via international treaties (103)  Committed by ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (160)  No known right to food Note: The same country can fall in multiple categories; the colour given to a country corresponds to the highest listed category in which a country falls.

Bondirii anaŋ naŋ senne diibu, ane a parɛɛ, e la bondirii naŋ taa sori ka nensaalba dire ka a guuro ba, kyɛ e bone naŋ na bmaŋ bebe wagere zaa  a ko neɛzaa naŋ boɔrɔ ka o di boma kyɛ meŋ naŋ e bondiraa neɛzaa naŋ senne. Neɛzaa taa sori ka o di bondirii la e merɛ ko ka nensaala zaa sori ka o di boma, a ba seŋ ka nesaala zaa taa kɔŋ, ka o bɔ bondirii faaŋ, ka o di bondirii naŋ ba soma.

A merɛ sobiri ŋa yi la International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights poɔ, a kɛkɛŋmɛ kyuu a 2020 yuoni poɔ noba bee paaloŋ anaŋ naŋ da lantaa a maale a yelnyɔgeraa ŋa da ta la 170.  Paaloŋ anaŋ naŋ sage de ka ba na tu la a lɛ a merɛ naŋ wuli a kyaare ne bondirii na banaŋ naŋ taa   ba paaloŋ poɔ ane anaŋ meŋ naŋ na yi paaoŋ yuo poore a waana. A tenne zaa lantaa e la 106 tenne naŋ sage tuuro a bondirii merɛ ama, ka ba toɔ e lɛ ba naŋ na e ka bondirii e bondis0ŋ a ko neɛzaa a tendaa zaa poɔ.

A 1996 youni na poɔ, ba e la bone kaŋa nansaala na maŋ boɔle World Food Summit,  a gɔbenɛnte  are la o gbɛbori poɔ a wuli ka sereŋ sage nyɔge la a yelŋa, o da de la meŋa zaa poɔ a vɛŋ ka kɔŋ ane bondirii naŋ ba soma neŋ nensaala diibu yageroŋ a sigiri a yi 840 a sigi wa 420 miliyoŋ a 2015 yuoni poɔ. A paa la yi be a kɔŋ ane bondifaare yageroŋ noɔre da zɛge la do saa a 2015 yuoni puoriŋ, 2009 poɔ, noba naŋ da ba baa soŋ a yi bondirii zie da ta ŋa noba 1 miliyoŋ a tendaazaa poɔ.  A yi be noba naŋ da sɔgele wono tuo kɔŋ eŋa ane bondirii naŋ ba taa faŋa ko nensaalba meŋ da ta ŋa noba 2 miliyoŋ a pare kyɛ gɛrɛ a tendaazaa poɔ.

Kyɛ a tendaazaa merɛ wuli ka paaloŋ zaa seŋ ka o taa gyeremɛ , a go kyɛ vɛŋ ka bondiraa zaa e bondisoŋ a ko nensaala, A yelnyɔgeraa ŋa ba naŋ nyɔgere faana yi nensaalba meŋa zie bonso a tendaa zaa poɔ a da e kpeɛŋaa ne ba naŋ na baŋ toɔ biŋ bondirii soŋ ka a ta saaŋ, Indian yoŋ la paaloŋ naŋ da maŋ toɔ biŋ bondirii a ta taabo kaŋa. Paaloŋ bee tenne naŋ taa bondirii wahala la  Africa, Asia ane South America a ba eŋa bondirii yoŋ la ba kyebe, baba taa a zikoɔre meŋ aneŋ meŋ banaŋ la noba naŋ maŋ bonna ponno bondirii kyɛ meŋ ba la taa zie banaŋ na maŋ nyɛ bondirii wieŋ.

A noba na maŋ maana nensaalba bondirii yeltarre, da manne la bondirii na naŋ senne paaloŋ zaa a viiri a tendaazaa, a yi lɛ ba libie nyaabo naŋ seŋ lɛ.

Bondirii Zu Kaabo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

        A foɔlaa ŋa la wulo bondirii zu kaabo.

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
pɔge naŋ kɔɔrɔ bombie daa poɔ, Lilongwe, Malawi

Bondirii zu kaabo e la yelnyɔgeraa kaŋa na maŋ vɛŋ ka noba taa sagedeebo ko bondirii  a ko nensaala endaa laafeɛloŋ. Bondirii gorebo a ko nensaala kaŋa zaa a ba fere ka pɔge la bee ka dɔɔ la, a ba fere o toma konnoŋ poɔ onaŋ be, a ba fere puoru na poɔ o naŋ be, a yelnimizeɛ la ka a bondirii na e bondisoŋ. Yiri poɔ bondirii zu kaabo e la yelkaŋa naŋ seŋ ka o be yiri zaa poɔ, a yeli la ka bondirii be ba kpakyaga poɔ yaga a ko ba, a na e bondisoŋ ko nensaala endaa nyɔore baabo.ka bondirii da maŋ bebe a ko nensaala zaa kɔŋ koŋ e boŋkaŋa noba naŋ zoro o dabeɛŋ bee a maŋ gaŋ kɔŋ. Bondirii zu kaabo ba e anaŋ bebe yoŋ poɔ, bondirii anaŋ  naŋ neŋ be a puori a na wa meŋ paale la a bondirii zu kaabo. A bondirii ama zu kaabo maŋ kyaare la a bondirii saamo a yi yele mune zie aseŋ koɔ mine na maŋ be a zu ane a mine meŋ a zu maŋ ko. Patoroo naŋ ba kyebe, libie meŋ naŋ ba kyebe, zɔɔre meŋ na maŋ tasoga iri a ama zaa la maŋ wane kɔŋ bondi-mɔŋ nensaalba lakeɛbo poɔ. Paaloŋ na bondinoɔ yoŋ naŋ bebe ba maŋ e gyamaa.

A yelnyɔgeraa ŋa a kyaare bondirii zu kaabo be ka a saŋa kɔɔre. Boma mine anaare la nyɔge bondirii kaabo zu taa ka o are kpeɛŋaa, ka anaŋ la, a bondirii nyaabo zie, a be anaŋ maŋ be, baŋ taroo ane a bimmo zie. A yi be meŋ, noba bee kpaaroŋ mine ayi naŋ la taa tɔnɔ a ko a bondirii kaabo zu la, anaŋ ka nansaala maŋ boɔle ka Agenɔy ane Sustainability. A bondirii zu kaabo yeltarre ayoɔbo ama zaa lantaa ama e a merɛ neɛzaa naŋ baŋ a kyaare bondirii. A World Food Summit a 1996 yuoni poɔ, ba yeli ka bondirii ba e bone kaŋ naba bee paati deme naŋ na maŋ ŋmeɛrɛ ne kyakya, ka neɛzaa na e lɛ a wane la feroo kaŋa a ko nembaaleba..

Yele yaga bebe naŋ maŋ vɛŋ ka bondirii zu kaabo a e tuo. A yelnimizwɛ anaŋ naŋ maaleŋ taa tɔnɔ la bondirii daaroŋ naŋ maŋ do saa, ane zɔɔre. A yelkaŋa meŋ la a samaloŋ leɛro, koɔ yeltarre, a tɛne noɔ naŋ baaroo, koɔbo baaloŋ, bonagere ane tendaazaa baaloŋ a kyaare koɔbo. Ka a yeli ama zaa wa lantaa baare a maŋ taa la yelferaa kaŋa a ko nensaalba laŋkpeɛbo a kyaare ba laafɛloŋ, a yelwonnaa kaŋa meŋ la a maŋ ŋmaara ba dɔgebo bara a vɛŋ ka ba ba yɛlɛ, a yelkaŋa meŋ la ka bondirii ba wa kyebe a maŋ vɛŋ la ka yideme ogiro taa bara aŋa ba ba e taa noba A bone naŋ kaŋa na so ka bondirii zu kaabo ba taa nimri la toma ba kyebe bee noba ba taa toma ba naŋ tona ka ba yɔɔrɔ ba ka na maŋ ŋmɛ nyaa a toɔ rii libiri te da seema bee bondirii, anaŋ la paa maaleŋ vɛŋ ka naŋe bee yaga lɛ noba laŋkpeɛbo poɔ.

Bondirii zu ba kaabo na baŋ wane la kɔŋ ane bondirii saamo. Bondirii naŋ ba soma ne nensaala endaa el yelkaŋa naŋ maŋ waana ne kɔŋ ane bondirii saamo. A yelkaŋa meŋ la kɔŋ te maale zuo, ane bondirii faare a ko bibiiri maŋ vɛŋ la ka ba baara guuro. Ka banaŋ wa piili baara guuro lɛ wuli ka ba yuomo ayi poɔ ba di la a bondifaare ama taa eŋ ba endaa eŋɛ, ka anaŋ wa e aŋaa lɛ fo naŋ na la e leɛre a baaoŋ ama a yi o soba endaa poɔ a maŋ e la kpeɛŋaa. Ka bibili wa piili dire bondidegɛɛ a ba bebiiluŋ saŋa a maŋ vɛŋ la ka baa guu a bare kyɛ faare lɛ.

Tendaazaa Bondirii  tɔrebo

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii tɔrebo taa la tɔnɔ ko noba banaŋ naŋ wono tuo ka ba nyɛ bondirii a di. Yelŋa e la ka ba maŋ de soŋ noba nyɔvore waa ŋmaa lɛ, lɛ wuli ka teŋa noba yeli ka ba na soŋ la ne bondirii ne ba poɔ zaa lɛ wuli ka neɛ da koŋ maŋ zeŋ kyɛllɛ tendaazaa bondirii tɔrebo bee tendaazaa bondirii tɔrebo koŋ la kyebe. Noba naŋ ba kaara bondirii zu vela na wane la womu kaŋa a ko banaŋ maŋ daara boma bee bondirii daa poɔ. A lɛ da baŋ saaŋ la boma daaroŋ bare, a lɛ meŋ na vɛŋ la ka noba ba la taa sagedeebu ane boma daabo a daa poɔ. A maŋ wa ta la wagere mine ka bondirii tɔrebo yɛlɛ a waa kpeɛŋaa. A wagere mine ba iri a bondirii tɔrebo bare, gbɛɛ yaga a maŋ yi paati paati faŋa bee merɛ. A mine kaŋa a maŋ wa ta la wagere ka a taa bondiraa kaŋa bale banaŋ tɔrɔ, a taa neɛ naŋ zie banaŋ daara a, a mine kaŋa bondirii anaŋ ba naŋ maŋ tɔre noba ba maŋ de a toŋ ne toŋ soŋ, ana la duori tenne mine boma daaroŋ. A tendaazaa tɔrebo maŋ mɔ la ba moɔbo zaa a tɔre bondirii a ko paaloŋ anaŋ zaa senne ka ba ko wagere zaa, a World Food Programme soŋ tɔre a bondirii ama.

Safety

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
Salmonella bacteria is a common cause of foodborne illness, particularly in undercooked chicken and chicken eggs.

Bondirii baaloŋ e la boma ba naŋ boɔlɔ bondisaamo, bone na maŋ wane ka a saaŋ la zanzulo, boŋ-agere,bombiiri,tee ane a taaba gyamaa. Peɛro wuli noba naŋ maŋ kpi a yi bondirii naŋ eŋ tẽẽfaare ta ŋa noba  7 miliyoŋ yuoni bguli zaa poɔ, a yoŋ naane noba maŋ zuo la aŋaa naŋ maŋ kpi a beɛrɛ a tẽẽfaare bondirii  ama.Yele mine ayi naŋ vɛŋ ka zanzulo baaloŋ ama pore la, nobanaŋ maŋ boɔrɔ ka ba di bondikare mine naŋ maŋ seŋ ka doge sɛre kyɛ ka ba di ane ziiri mine bebe a ba seŋ ka neɛ are be di boma kyɛ ka ba maŋ are dire. A yelkaŋa meŋ la tẽẽ mine wa meele ne bondirii mine, aseŋ ka a bondirii na bimmu zie ba wa soma, bee ka samena bee fanfane mine naŋ ba senne meele a poɔ. Bondirii na baŋ saaŋ la a yi yele yaga poɔ aseŋ, a koɔbo zie, a bondirii maalo zie, a bondirii dogebo zie, a de toɔloo poɔ, a pãã de ne a tɔrebo bee a kɔɔrebo zie a daa poore. A anaŋ naŋ maŋ yi a tuure bee a nansaale paaloŋ a wa banaŋ baŋ de la boŋ-agere, zukɔɔloŋ, sugaati bee tɔbo, dapɛge, ane a taaba gyamaa naŋ na baŋ ko neɛ baaloŋ. Bondirii mine maŋ baŋ saaŋ la ka a bimmu zie ba wa soma aseŋ, bondirii anaŋ ba naŋ maŋ maale kobilii poɔ.

Bondirii Tẽẽfaare embo e la bone noba naŋ baŋ ka o e baaloŋ ka a saŋ kɔɔre. A bondipoɔrɔ banaŋ maŋ kɔɔrɔ da e la bone naŋ bebe sɛre ka ba te wane a a bone na a nansaala na maŋ boɔle ka Hygiene, Refrigeration ane vermin boŋ kaara a 19th yuomo poɔ. A saŋa na ba naŋ te wane boma na naŋ maŋ toɔ ko a zanzulo a bondirii poɔ,a yi ka fooŋ maŋ wa eŋ bontuluŋ poɔ, peɛpeɛrɛ kaŋa ba naŋ boɔlɔ ka Louis Pasteur, la wane a yɛŋ ŋa a wa yi zenɛ kan noba paa de erɛ ne yɛlɛ. A yi be  la ka Justus von Liebig a piili maala boma baŋ na maŋ toɔ de biŋ ne bondirii kɔɔre kyɛ ka a ba saaŋ. A paa yi be yuomo naŋ ba kɔɔre noba paa da taa la sagedeebo ka a bondirii saamo vɛŋ la ka ba maale boma gyamaa aseŋ,  Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), a boma ama ayi la ka ba de a kaa nyɛ ka bondirii taa baaloŋ bee a baŋ ka a bondirii ama ba soma.

A yelnyɔgeraa kaŋa naŋ na baŋ sŋ ka ba taa bondisoŋ a paaloŋ poɔ la, ka ba maŋ vɛŋ ka a bondirii maaloo zie a veɛle, a lɛ yoŋ naane ba la wuli ka ba maŋ biŋ bondirii tɛɛtɛɛ, ka ba maŋ vɛŋ ka a bondirii maalo zie taa saseɛ, ane ka ba maŋ biŋ boma naŋ na baŋ soŋ ka bondirii ba saaŋ aseŋ refrigerating.

Bondirii anaŋ naŋ maŋ saaŋ wieŋ, ka a mine la nɛne, boroŋ, ane koɔ poɔ bondirii, a bondirii ama seŋ ka a maale maaloo kaŋa ka a ta saaŋ, a meŋ ta la saaŋ nensaaleba bare a yi yɛlɛ anaŋ ba naŋ ba boɔrɔ ka ba poɔ. A yeli na kaŋa la bondimaara(boroŋ),  a bondirii ama seŋ ka a biŋ bontuluŋ ane maaroŋ (zeɛre) a seŋ ka biŋ a e tuluŋ te tɔ wagere na zaa ba naŋ boɔrɔ. Nɛne maaroŋ, aseŋ noɔ nɛne, nɛmɛ ŋa seŋ ka a biŋ be saseɛ naŋ be ane be boŋagere naŋ koŋ baŋ mare a, aseŋ  Salmonella bee E. coli ka a digeri a bonagere bare.

Allergies

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

      Atikile meŋa: bondirii bombaboɔraa

Noba mine taa la ba poɔ bombaboɔraa bee endaa naŋ baŋ boɔrɔ ka a ba taa baaloŋ zaa bee faaloŋ zaa ko ba deme.A yelŋa maŋ e la ka neɛkaŋa ba wa baŋ kyɛ di di boŋkaŋa naŋ ba soma a ko a endaa o maŋ iri zɔɔrɔ ne o la.Aŋa nembɛrɛ 2% ane bibiiri 8% la taa a bondirii yelferaa ŋa. A bondirii lɛ noɔre naŋ de kyɛ fere o soba fera anaŋ baŋ e la fee lɛ kyɛ e yelwonnaa a ferɛ o soba. Wagere mine bondirii ba naŋ maŋ de lɔɔ sazu a ta mitere mine meŋ e la yelikaŋa naŋ na baŋ wane faaloŋ kaŋa a ko nensaala endaa. Bondirii na maaleŋ vɛŋ ka noba beɛrɛ la, gluten, kamaana, shellfish, seŋkãã, ane bɛŋkpale. A yɛlɛ ama la maŋ erɛ o soba ka bondirii na o naŋ di wa doɔnɔ o aseŋ, tiiri, bannyiraa zuobu, poɔ maŋ kusuu lɛ, wɔnɔ wɔmbie, ane a taaba gyamaa. Ka anaŋ wa e a lɛ a bondirii ba maŋ gaŋ o soba poɔŋ a kɔɔre.

Ka anaŋ wa maaleŋ are ne o soba gbɛɛ o na baŋ kpɛ ne o la dɔɔta nimizeɛ zie, aseŋ anaphylactic shock, hypotension *( zee sigi baaloŋ) a maŋ vɛŋ la ka o soba yɛŋ a bɔre. Ka poɔ baaloŋ wa waa aŋaa lɛ wuli ka o oba ɔɔ bee di seŋkaa yaga, aneazaa ka latex  bondiraa meŋ baŋ toɔ e la a lɛ. A saŋa naa a baaloŋ ŋa ba maŋ baŋ toɔ de la epinephrine (adrenaline), a tẽẽ ama la ka baŋ de saaŋ ne baala ka banaŋ ba baŋ boŋ naŋ erɛ o kyɛ ka anaŋ wa e ŋa, pen bee Twinject.

Laafeɛloŋ Yeltarre Mine

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Peɛroo da wuli ka nensaaleba bondirii  e la 30% naŋ maŋ koro noba kansa a peɛroo ŋa  Richard Doll ane Richard Peto la manne a yeli ŋa a 1981 yuoni poɔ. A kansa baaloŋ maŋ baŋ yi la ka  carcinogens wa be bondirii poɔ. Bondirii anaŋ maŋ taa zanzulo poa a baara aseŋ  mycotoxins aseŋ  aflatoxins, a yɛlɛ ama maŋ be la kamaana ane seŋkaa poɔ. A bombiiri mine la heterocyclic amines ama la meŋ maŋ be nɛne poɔ aseŋ nemɛ anaŋ na ba doge sɛre,  polyaromatic hydrocarbons, nɛmɛ anaŋ ba naŋ maŋ sɛ bee a ɔne ane nitrosamines  aŋa bondirii bimbu ane nɛne ba naŋ eŋ  bacon.

Anticarcinogens la bone naŋ na baŋ soŋ bee a gu neɛ a yi ne kansa poɔ kyɛ a meŋ maŋ be bondirii gyamaa poɔ a zuo a zaa tewɔmɔ poɔ ane zɛvaare poɔ. Antioxidants e la tẽẽ mine naŋ be laŋgbuli poɔ naŋ na baŋ soŋ iri bonfaare a bare. Azuiŋ a paa e la kpeɛŋaa ka neɛ bat wuli ka bondrii ama poɔ baaloŋ ama be be yaga bee fee a na baŋ ko neɛ kansa baaloŋ, ka banaŋ wa biŋ a tee nyuu na  a maŋ soŋ kare a boŋagere naŋ bare a nɛne eŋɛ ka a ta ko noba kansa. Pampana ŋa a tendaazaa poɔ bondimaaleba yaga zie taa la karatare naŋ wuli ka ba naŋ maale la bondirii a koɔrɔ, aseŋ  Monde Selection, A.A. Certification, iTQi. Ba maŋ de la bondirii boma naŋ soma kyɛ e kpeɛne ane meŋ sobi soŋ la ka ba maŋ tu kyɛ maale ba bondirii.

Bondirii

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Saaŋkompare ane puori tɛɛtɛɛ bondirii

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Noba yaga bebe a taa bondirii mine booro banaŋ dire kyɛ meŋla taa bondirii mine meŋ booroo naŋ e kyiiruŋ a ko ba. Bondirii iruŋ  pare la wuli noba mine saaŋkome pare  ane  bone na ba erɛ bee boŋ na tuuruŋ o naŋ tuuro o saaŋkompare poɔ. Aseŋ ksher bondirii a bondirii ama Judaism yoq la dire a, Halal bondirii a meŋ  noba banaŋ naŋ puoro yɛre puoruu yoŋ la dire a ane Hinduism nɛne anaŋ meŋ ba ba dire a. a yi be meŋ a bondirii iruŋ meŋ taa la tɛɛtɛɛ a yi paaloŋ ane irigiŋ na poɔ ba naŋ be bonso neɛzaa maŋ taa la o yelnyɔgeraa. Aŋaa meŋ maŋ yi ne la a bondirii maalo zie.

Bondirii Yelkaa irii.

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Bondirii taa la feroo toma a naŋ maŋ toŋ a nensaala endaa poɔ a ko neɛzaa. Ka ne di bondirii naŋ ba soma a maŋ vɛŋ ka o soba faŋa kyɛ naŋ ka o kpeɛrɛ bɛroŋ. Ka neɛ wa dire bondirii naŋ ba soma ana baŋ ko la o soba baaloŋ zagere a zaa ka bondirii ba koro o soba zee a maŋ ŋmɔre la vɛŋ ka o soba nyɔvore waa ŋmaa. Peɛroo wuli ka  noba aŋa 30% a ba yageroŋ taa nyennoo zuo di baaloŋ. Peɛroo meŋ naŋ wuli ka bibii a ta ŋa noba 3 miliyoŋ naŋ zuŋ a yi banaŋ di nyennoo a zuo. Peɛro wuli ka biiri banaŋ naŋ ba taa vitamin C  banaŋ la ka ba yaga zie  nyeŋ seere maŋ tuo tuo.  Calcium, vitamin D, ane phosphorus ŋa la meŋ yitaa neŋ a yelerre poɔ; ka dire a ama kaŋa zaa na baŋ wane baaloŋ a ko o tɔ. Kwashiorkor ane marasmus meŋ e la baaloŋ kaŋa meŋ na maŋ nɔŋ ka o nyɔgerɔ bibiiri, ka onaŋ wa nyɔge bibile o ba maŋ toritaa bonso a bi balaa na ba maŋ taa faŋa.

Moral, ethical, and health-conscious diets

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Noba yaga sigiri la ba bondirii diibu a yi yele yaga zie aseŋ yɛlɛ sagedeebo ane ba waaloŋ. Aŋa noba naŋ ɔɔrɔ nɛne, banaŋ meŋa la a nyɛ ba toɔraa sage ka ba koŋ ɔɔ nɛne ba nyɔvore poɔ mine ananso la ba taa nimibaaloŋ a ko dɔnne, ka mine meŋ ananso la ka ba toɔ gu baaloŋ a yi ba endaa eŋɛ. Noba mine meŋ iri bondirii ka anaŋ la ba ba dire bondirii naŋ noɔ a poɔ, aseŋ bondirii ba naŋ maŋ maŋŋle eŋ sikiri bee a mine meŋ ba dire nɛne naŋ taa kãã anaŋ ka naŋnsaala maŋ boɔle ka fiber ane antioxidants aŋa various polyphenols. Obesity meŋ e la baaloŋ kaŋa naŋ be a tendaazaa poɔ a e nimizeɛ, a baaloŋ biri ŋa maŋ baŋ ko la neɛ sekyiri baaloŋ, sikiri baaloŋ, kansa baaloŋ, ane a taaba gyamaa.  Pampana ŋa a baaloŋ yaga noba naŋ taa yi la a bondirii poɔ. A tembɛrɛ koɔbo meŋ taa yelferaa kaŋa a ko nensaalba ane a dɔnne zaa a kyaare a bondirii ba naŋ maŋ dire a yi a ba koɔbo poɔ. Azuiŋ ba kpaana la noba ka ba bare anaŋ taaba bondirii diibu kyɛ kaara a saaŋkompare bee a dakoreŋ koɔbo bondirii  na diibu ka anaŋ la soma ne nensaalba laafeɛloŋ. Pampana peɛpeɛrebɛ noŋ la ka ba peɛre bondirii yelerre a kyaare ne nensaalba laafeɛloŋ yɛlɛ.

Saadayel

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]

Atikile meŋa: bondirii , saadayel bondirii, ane

Kaa kyɛ nyɛ

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
Bondirii saseɛ doge

  Dãã saseɛ doge

  Kɔrebo ane boŋkoɔre tẽẽ saseɛ doge

Bondirii doge

Dãã noore

Bondirii kpaŋkparema

Bondirii, 2009 gansɛge binne

Bondiparɛɛ

Bondirii ba naŋ maale parɛɛ

Nansaale paaloŋ bondirii

Bondirii maalo yelnare binne.

Sommo Yizie

[maaleŋ | Maale eŋ yizie]
  1. ↑ SAPEA (2020). A sustainable food system for the European Union (PDF). Berlin: Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. p. 39. doi:10.26356/sustainablefood. ISBN 978-3-9820301-7-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
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  11. ↑ Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (August 2022). "Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection". Nature Food. 3 (8): 586–596. Bibcode:2022NatFd...3..586X. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0. hdl:10072/429160. ISSN 2662-1355. PMID 37118594.
  12. ↑ Şerban, Procheş; Wilson, John R. U.; Vamosi, Jana C.; Richardson, David M. (1 February 2008). "Plant Diversity in the Human Diet: Weak Phylogenetic Signal Indicates Breadth". BioScience. 58 (2): 151–159. Bibcode:2008BiSci..58..151S. doi:10.1641/B580209. S2CID 86483332.
  13. ↑ Beardsley, Eleanor (March 24, 2019). "For A Healthier Planet, Eat These 50 Foods, Campaign Urges". NPR.
  14. ↑ Fardet, Anthony (2017), "New Concepts and Paradigms for the Protective Effects of Plant-Based Food Components In Relation To Food Complexity", Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier, pp. 293–312, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00016-2, ISBN 978-0-12-803968-7, archived from the original on 2022-06-15, retrieved 2022-04-12
  15. ↑ McGee, Chapter 9.
  16. ↑ "Animal Products". www.ksre.k-state.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  17. ↑ Marcus, Jacqueline B. (2013), "Protein Basics: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Food and Health", Culinary Nutrition, Elsevier, pp. 189–230, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391882-6.00005-4, ISBN 978-0-12-391882-6, archived from the original on 2018-06-26, retrieved 2022-05-13
  18. ↑ Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 +1495‑1000 (2021-09-15). "Aquatic Foods". The Nutrition Source. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  19. ↑ "Evolution of taste receptor may have shaped human sensitivity to toxic compounds". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  20. ↑ "Why does pure water have no taste or colour?". The Times Of India. 3 April 2004. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015.
  21. ↑ New Oxford American Dictionary
  22. ↑ Altman, S. (1989). "The monkey and the fig: A Socratic dialogue on evolutionary themes". American Scientist. 77: 256–263.
  23. ↑ Johns, T. (1990). With Bitter Herbs They Shall Eat It: Chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  24. ↑ Logue, A.W. (1986). The Psychology of Eating and Drinking. New York: W.H. Freeman.
  25. ↑ Jones, S.; Martin, R.; Pilbeam, D. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  26. ↑ The sweetness multiplier "300 times" comes from subjective evaluations by a panel of test subjects Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine tasting various dilutions compared to a standard dilution of sucrose. Sources referenced in this article say stevioside has up to 250 times the sweetness of sucrose, but others, including stevioside brands such as SweetLeaf, claim 300 times. 1⁄3 to 1⁄2 teaspoon (1.6–2.5 ml) of stevioside powder is claimed to have equivalent sweetening power to 1 US cup (237 ml) of sugar.
  27. ↑ States "having an acid taste like lemon or vinegar: she sampled the wine and found it was sour. (of food, esp. milk) spoiled because of fermentation." New Oxford American Dictionary
  28. ↑ McNeil, Donald G. Jr (2006-12-16). "In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  29. ↑ The Lancet (12 July 2008). "Iodine deficiency—way to go yet". The Lancet. 372 (9633): 88. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61009-0. PMID 18620930. S2CID 5416860. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
  30. ↑ Fleming A (9 April 2013). "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  31. ↑ Blake H (9 February 2010). "Umami in a tube: 'fifth taste' goes on sale in supermarkets". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  32. ↑ Jufresa L (2015). Umami (Mapa de las lenguas) (Ebook) (in Spanish). Spain: Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. ISBN 978-607-31-2817-9.
  33. ↑ Mouritsen JD, Drotner J, Styrbæk K, Mouritsen OG (April 2014). Umami: Unlocking the Secrets of the Fifth Taste (Ebook). United States: Columbia University Press. pp. 35–36. doi:10.7312/mour16890. ISBN 978-0-231-53758-2. JSTOR 10.7312/mour16890.
  34. ↑ Shugart, Helene A. (2008). "Sumptuous Texts: Consuming "Otherness" in the Food Film Genre". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 25 (1): 68–90. doi:10.1080/15295030701849928. S2CID 145672719.
  35. ↑ "You first eat with your eyes". Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  36. ↑ Food Texture, Andrew J. Rosenthal
  37. ↑ Rosenthal, Andrew J (1999). Food Texture: Measurement and Perception. Springer. ISBN 978-0-8342-1238-1. Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  38. ↑ Mead, 11–19
  39. ↑ McGee, 142–43.
  40. ↑ McGee, 202–06
  41. ↑ Davidson, 786–87.
  42. ↑ Robuchon, 224.
  43. ↑ Davidson, 656
  44. ↑ McGee Chapter 14.
  45. ↑ Mead, 11–19.
  46. ↑ McGee
  47. ↑ Campbell, 312.
  48. ↑ McGee, 784.
  49. ↑ Davidson, 782–83
  50. ↑ McGee, 539,784.
  51. ↑ McGee, 771–91
  52. ↑ Davidson, 356.
  53. ↑ Asado Argentina
  54. ↑ "Definition of 'restaurant'". collinsdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  55. ↑ "restaurant (n.)". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  56. 1 2 "The History of the Restaurant". digital.library.unlv.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  57. ↑ Davidson, 660–61.
  58. ↑ Bee Wilson (3 March 2013). "Pompeii exhibition: the food and drink of the ancient Roman cities". telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013.
  59. ↑ "A Culinary Legacy from the Song Dynasty". Shanghai Daily. 11 September 2014.
  60. ↑ Mason
  61. ↑ Messer, 53–91.
  62. ↑ Boelee, E. (Ed) Ecosystems for water and food security Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2011, IWMI, UNEP
  63. ↑ Aguilera, 1–3.
  64. ↑ Miguel, 3.
  65. 1 2 Jango-Cohen
  66. ↑ Hannaford
  67. ↑ The Economic Research Service of the USDA
  68. ↑ Regmi
  69. ↑ CIA World Factbook
  70. ↑ World Trade Organization, The Uruguay Round
  71. ↑ Van den Bossche
  72. ↑ Smith, 501–03.
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