Asante Empire

Ashanti Empire

historical country

Piiluu	1670
Continent	Africa
Kapital/teŋkpoŋ	Kumasi
Coordinate location	5°27′0″N 0°58′0″W
Basic form of government	absolute monarchy
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date	1902

Asantemaan (Asante Empire), a bie Asanteman da Asante Twi langa, yɛ la Akan boma be yɛ naa ba 1701 ba 1901, na zɔŋ be Ghana yel ka bie. Ɛ yɛɛ kpɛ ba Ashanti Region la, na kpɛɛ Ghana zɛŋ ta, daan yɛ Ivory Coast ne Togo zoori.[8][9] Ba Asante boma la, ka yɛɛ zie nyɛ la yɛn kpiɛre, bieɛle, soɔkpɔɔle, nyaŋ nyɛɛre kɔ na yɛn buoraa, be baŋ Asantemaan yɛ la bong kɛ asɔɔre na wɔɔlu, lɛnɛ Europeani — bie Britishi — nyɛɛre nyɛɛ la kpɛɛ gɔɔ zaa be waala boma nɔŋ be sub-Saharan Africa.[10][11]

Ka yɛɛ tɔŋ ba 17th century, Asante Na Osei Tutu (c. 1695 – 1717) ne nɛ nɔbɔ Anɔkye be yɛ la Okomfo Anɔkye, yɛ la kpɛ Asante boma, ne Golden Stool (Sika Dwa) yɛ la kɔl ta be kpɛ la boma nyɛ wie nyɛ.[7][12] Osei Tutu la zɔɔ baŋ kpɛɛ la boma nyɛ zie, na kpɛɛ la Asante soɔre ba yɛ zɔŋ nɛ lɛɛ ka kpɛɛ yɛ royal ne paramilitary soɔre ba nyɛ wie nyɛɛle soɔre ba. N ba 1701, Asante soɔre la kpɛɛ Denkyira, na lɛ yɛ la Asante yɛɛ gɛrɛ ba Gulf of Guinea ne Atlantic Ocean kpɛ da Europeani kpɛrɛ, bie Dutchi.[10] Ba Asante boma nyɛɛ die la, da la kpɛ la gold kpɛrɛ ne baa yɛ la zaare kɔ la ba kpɛɛre, bie slave trading, craft work ne kpɛrɛ waala yagaŋ.[6]

Asantemaan la kpɛɛ kpiɛ wuli be nɔbɔ boma ne kpɛ boma ba da nyɛɛre zɔŋ la, bie Fante. Asante soɔre ba yɛɛ wie kpɛɛ Britishi be ba kpiɛ wuli gbɛ la five Anglo-Ashanti Wars, na kpɛɛ British army general Sir Charles MacCarthy ne kpɛ la n limi yɛ la drinking cup be zɔŋ Sika kpɛyɛɛre ba 1824. Ka lɛ yɛɛ gbɛ, British soɔre ba la yɛ Kumasi, Asante sɛɛ la, yɛɛ gbɛ ne yɛɛ tuolo. Ba fifth Anglo-Ashanti War la, Asante boma la yɔɔ be Gold Coast colony ba 1 January 1902.

Kɔ lɛ, Asantemaan yɛ la bong be Ghana Republici ba, ne Constitution foɔ ne kpɛɛ boma be. Nɛŋ king be yɛ la Otumfuo Osei Tutu II. Asante sɛɛ yɛ la Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana nɛ la kpɛɛre la natural lake. Lɛ boma la die kɛ la gold bar kpɛrɛ, cocoa, kola nut ne zaare.[10]

Ba yelɛ bɛ Archaeology

Nyaŋ yɛ la archaeologists ba kpɛɛre na bong ba oral traditioni ba. Bɛ Asantemanso (a bie Essumeja la), excavations la pɔge ka yɛŋ nyɛ la zɔŋ pɛge ka zaŋ kpɛɛ nyɛ la kpɛɛre sɛbɛ ba 9th century CE. Bɛ yɛ la nyɛ zaa: kpɛnaa zɔŋ, gbɛɛlɛ, ne iron smelting; lɛ yɛ na dong ka yɛ la kpɛɛre sɛɛ, ka fo yɛɛ la sacred ground yel kpɛ. Bɛ 1200-1700 lɛ, yɛ la kpɛ la kpɛre zie kpɛ zɔŋ, naa zɔŋ ba lɛɛ. [19] Ka oral history ne archaeological evidence bɛyɛɛ zaa la fo ka kpɛ la kpɛɛre ba pɔge sɔŋ la ba 700 BCE, ne kpɛɛ zaa be kpɛ yɛ excavate yɛ la kpɛ oral Akan nyɛɛre. Oral history ka Asantemanso yɛ la bie lɛ Aduaana kɔre ne be baŋ yɛ la yɛ nɔŋ ba zɔŋ, lɛ lɛ ba gya la zu ba yɛ kpɛ be lɛ zaa. [20]

Bɛ Adansemanso

Saa pɛgere, bɛ Adansemanso, bie bɛyɛ lɛ be Adansi kpɛɛre yelɛ yɛ kingi sɛɛ, excavations kpɛɛ long domestic mounds, house floors ne ironworking slag. Radiocarbon dating yɛ la die ka kpɛɛre sɛɛ bɛ 13th century. Nuu baŋ brass gold weights yɛ la kpɛ, na lɛ na die ka fo Asante kpɛɛ bɛ regional economy pɛ bɔŋ pɛgere. [21] Lɛ yɛ la dong ka Akan kpɛɛre yɛ la zie wɔɔle ba forest zone lɛ taa Asante sɛɛ nyɛ kpɛ.

Zaa Akan kpɛ bɛ zɔŋ forest-savanna zone

Ka Asantemanso ne Adansemanso tɔɔ la, archaeologists ba nyɛɛ kpɛ ka Akan kpɛɛre wɔɔle la zaa zɔŋ be forest ne savanna yɛŋ. Bɛ zie lɛ yɛ Begho, be foresti kɔyɔŋ pɔge. Arabic recordi tɔɔ la yɛ lɛ “Bighu”. Excavations yɛ la nyɛ ka Begho yɛ kpɛɛre lɛɛ ba 8th century CE, ne yɛ kpɛɛ peak bɛ 14th to 17th centuries. [22]

Excavations kpɛɛ kpɛnaa quarters, brass casting, ironworking ne kpɛ trade items bie glass beads, copper ne Chinese porcelain. [23] Nuu kpɛɛ lɛ fo ka Akan bɛ yɛ la die kpɛɛ kpɛrɛ ba regional ne trans-Saharan trade gbɛ zaa Europeani ba ba yɛ. Kwasi Konadu ka, saa kpɛɛre bɛ yɛ “proto-Akan culture bearers” — bɛ yɛ la nyɛ kpɛɛ sɛbɛɛ ba forest clearance, zaare, ne matrilineal social system. [24]

Akan yɛlɛ pɔɔl ne Asante sɛɛ foɔ

(Zɔŋ bie: Great Akan)

Ba 16th ne 17th century, Europeani recordi yɛ la “Accany” anaa “Arcany” ka zaa la gold-pɔgɛ kpɛɛre be Ghana yɛlɛ. Portuguese ne Dutch ba kpɛɛ kpɛ ka lɛ yɛ zaa Akan foɔ bɛ gold kpɛrɛ yɛ la. Nuu zɔŋ na historians nyɛɛ ka lɛ yɛ kpɛɛre zaa be Akan foɔ — Pra, Ofin, ne Birim river zɔŋ — ne Akyem Abuakwa, Asante Akim, Adansi ne Denkyira. [25]

Oral ne book recordi yɛ la succession conflicti, trade jinnɛ, ne chieftain kpɛɔle. Bɛ kpɛɛ conflicti yɛ la ka Adansehene Awurade Basa, king of Ayaase, yɛɛ tuonie, ne bɛ nyɛ la Afenakwa sword – a kpɛ ba bie be zɔŋ ka chief bɛ kpɛ nyɛ. [26][27] Traditioni yɛ la ka Adansi bɛ yɛ tuonie, lɛ bɛ Akan kpɛɛre baŋ yɛ migrationi. Some like Akyem, yɛɛ zɔŋ Pra pɔgɛ; Asante ancestors yɛɛ zɔŋ ba Amansie ne Kumasi zɔŋ.

Taare

Kpɛre Nuu

(Zɔŋ bie: Denkyira ne Akwamu)

Golden Stool (Sika Dwa) bɛ Asante sɛɛ, 1935

Bɛ 17th century kɔ bɔ, nyɛ yelɛ ka migration bɛ Adansi zɔŋ nyɛ la kpɛɛ. Akan bɛ nyɛɛre ka Oyoko, Asona ne Bretuo yɛɛ zɔŋ kɔɔ Amansie kpɛ Kumasi pɔgɛ zɔŋ yɛ lɛɛ succession problemi, kpɛ jinnɛ, ne military pressure bɛ bɛ bie Denkyira. Oyoko kɔre yɛ la kpɛ bɛ na zɔŋ nɛ, ne nɛ leader Oti Akenten yɛ la settle bɛ Kwaman – kpɛɛre yɛ forest zone be Ghana pɔgɛ yɛlɛ. [30][31] Oti Akenten yɛ la tuon kpɛɛ Akan kɔre bɛ yɛ lɛɛ konfederation. [32]

Bɛ 1680, leadership tuon yɛ la Nana Obiri Yeboa, a yɛ la kpɛɛ kpɛre. Yɛ yɛɛ zɔɔ bɛ wuli bɛ Dormaa pɔgɛ. Ba successor Osei Tutu I yɛɛ revenge wuli. [33] As Osei Tutu yɛɛ kpɛre, yɛ la kpɛ refuge bɛ Akwamuhene Nana Ansa Sasraku I bɛ lɛ yɛɛ Denkyira yelɛ. [34] Bɛ Akwamu lɛ, yɛ la kpɛ Okomfo Anokye. Bɛ kpɛɛ ba Kumasi pɔgɛ, ne Akwamu yɛ la die kpɛ politics ne asylum.

Denkyirahene Ntim Gyakari yɛɛ kpɔg kpɛ, yɛɛ tribute zɔŋ ne peace. Asante yɛ la tuoni, na wuli yɛɛ kpɛ bɛ 1698. [35] Saa wuli lɛ na die kpɛɛ unity bɛ Asante foɔ bɛ Osei Tutu ne Okomfo Anokye. Lɛ yɛ la kpɛɛ Golden Stool ne kpɛɛ Asante Confederacy. [36]

Zɔŋ be Yelɛ (Independence)

Traditioni ka, ka clan leaders bɛ zaa Asante zɔŋ yɛɛ kpɛɛ la kpɛɛɛ yelɛ bɛ Denkyira. Bɛ Nsuta, Mampong, Dwaben, Bekwai ne Kokofu. [7] Okomfo Anokye yɛ la tuon Golden Stool (Sika Dwa) ba taa nyɛmɛ bɛ Osei Tutu n lap. Lɛ yɛ la ka Sika Dwa yɛ la symbol bɛ Asante Union. Bɛ zaa yɛɛ swear allegiance bɛ Stool ne Osei Tutu be Asantehene. [37] Stool lɛ yɛ la sacred pɛ zaa Asante kpɛ Sunsum — bɛ yɛ spirit bɛ Asante foɔ.

Otumfuo Osei Tutu I ne nɛ chief advisor, Okomfo Kwame Frimpong Anokye, yɛɛ kpɛ coalition bɛ Asante kpɛɛ city-states kpɛɛ Denkyira. Wuli bɛ Feyiase, Asante yɛɛ win ne yɛɛ kpɛ yelɛ bɛ 1701. Yɛ zaa yɛɛ tuon kpɛ force ne diplomacy, ne kpɛɛ Asante kpɛ city-states yɛɛ swear allegiance bɛ Kumasi. Osei Tutu ne Anokye yɛ la kpɛ expansionist foreign policy. Oral history ka Anokye yɛ la zɔŋ Agona-Akrofonso. [38]

Bɛ Osei Tutu ne Opoku Ware

(Zɔŋ bie: Osei Tutu, Okomfo Anokye, ne Opoku Ware)

Osei Tutu yɛ la kpɛ ka konfederation yɛ la strong. Yɛ tuon central government ne judiciary system. Saa kpɛ bɛ small city-states yɛ la tuon bɛ Empire. Bɛ kpɛɛre kpɛ la be join Asante Empire anaa yɛ tributary. [39] Opoku Ware I, ka yɛ la tuon Osei Tutu, yɛɛ kpɛɛ Ghana territory kpɛɛ. [40]

Bɛ 1700-1715, Osei Tutu kpɛɛ Twifo, Wassa ne Aowin. Opoku Ware I kpɛɛ Bonoman, Gyaman, Akyem, Kwahu. Bɛ 1742, Akyem kpɛɛ, na Asante yɛ la tuon ne kpɛɛ coast. Bɛ 1730–1770, Asante kpɛɛ north, zɔŋ Savannah bɛ Gonja, Dagbon ne Krakye. [41] Scholars kpɛɛ ka Asante yelɛ bɛ Dagbon yɛɛ exaggerate. [42]

Wuli bɛ Fante foɔ

(Zɔŋ bie: Fante Confederacy)

Bɛ 1806, Asante yɛ la tuon bɛ two rebel leaders kpɛ Fante land taa coast. British yɛ la tuoni rebel, na Asante kpɛɛ British. British yɛ la hand over one rebel, ka nɔbɔ yɛ la gɛ. [43] Bɛ 1807, kpɛɛ Fante yɛɛ Ashanti–Fante War. Asantehene Osei Bonsu (“Bonsu, the whale”) yɛɛ win. Bɛ 1811 Ga–Fante War, Asante ne Ga kpɛɛ alliance bɛ Fante, Akwapim, ne Akim. Asante war machine yɛɛ win, kpɛ kpɛ enemies tuoni bɛ Akwapim hills. Asante yɛɛ stop kpɛɛ coast fort ne zaa. Bɛ 1816, Asante yɛɛ absorb Fante Confederacy. [44][45]

Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War

Bɛ 1814, Asante yɛɛ invasion bɛ Gold Coast – sɛbɛ kpɛ Europeani trade. Wuli yɛɛ bɛ Akim–Akwapim alliance. Akim–Akwapim yɛɛ few, Asante yɛɛ win ne bɛ yɛ tributary. Asante kpɛɛ zɔŋ be midlands zɔŋ kpɛ coast.

Asante ne British bɛ zɔŋ

(Zɔŋ bie: British Gold Coast)

Bɛ 15 May 1817, Englishman Thomas Bowdich yɛ la kpɛ Kumasi. Yɛ la yɛ yɛrɛ pɔgɛ, na yɛ la yɛɛ book Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee. [46] Bɛ Britain, zɔŋ kpɛɛ yɛɛ book lɛ yɛ la exaggerate. Joseph Dupuis, British consul, yɛ la kpɛ Kumasi bɛ 23 March 1820. Dupuis ne Bowdich kpɛɛ treaty bɛ Asantehene, na governor Hope Smith yɛ la yɛɛ Asante expectations kpɛ. [47]

English officers kpɛ quarters bɛ chief palace bɛ Fomena.

Bɛ 1824–1899, zaa five Anglo-Ashanti wars yɛɛ kpɛɛ Asante ne Britain ne bɛ kpɛ. Wuli lɛ kpɛɛ kpɛ kpɛ Asante yɛ la kpɛɛ coastal control. Bɛ Fante ne Ga yɛ la rely bɛ British pɔgɔ kpɛ Asante..

Anglo–Asante Wuli Zaa

Zaa gbɛŋ wuli – 1823

Zaa gbɛŋ Anglo–Asante wuli yɛ la kpɛ bɛ 1823. Bɛ saa wuli zaa, Asante Empire yɛ la kpɛɛ Britishi foɔ bɛ coast. Wuli nyɛɛ fo ka Sir Charles MacCarthy yɛɛ kpɔg kpɛ bɛ kpɛɛ wuli, yɛɛ kpɛɛ Asante foɔ yɛɛ nyɛɛ zaa bɛ yelɛ. MacCarthy yɛɛ kɔɔ bɛ wuli, Asante foɔ kpɛɛ, yɛɛ killi nɛ, kpɛɛ nɛ lɔɔ bɛ trophy, na tuon zaa kpɛɛ coast. Nuu die kpɛɛ kpɛ, Asante foɔ yɛɛ win kpɛɛ wuli bɛ 1826, yɛɛ zɔŋ coast. Britishi led force yɛɛ tuon nɛ bɛ Accra zɔŋ (15 km nɔɔŋ). Wuli kpɛɛ kpɛ Denkyira ne British allies, na yɛɛ fire British rockets, Asante soɔre yɛɛ flee. [48] Bɛ 1831, treaty yɛɛ zaa peace fo 30 years; Pra River yɛɛ tɔŋ be frontier.

Second Anglo–Asante Wuli

(Zɔŋ bie: Second Anglo–Asante War)

Bɛ 1853 ne 1854, kpɛ kpɛɛ skirmish foɔ bɛ Pra River, ba zaa peace zɔŋ yɛɛ kpɛɛ 30 years. Bɛ 1863, Asante delegation zɔŋ ne kpɛɛ fugitive Kwesi Gyana. Yɛɛ kpɛ wuli, kpɛ casualties bɛ zaa side. Governor yɛɛ kpɛ troops bɛ Britain, ba request yɛ la tuoni. Troops bɛ West Indies yɛɛ zɔɔ disease. Wuli yɛɛ zaa stalemate bɛ 1864 – more die yɛɛ bɛ disease kpɛ wuli.

Third Anglo–Asante Wuli

(Zɔŋ bie: Third Anglo–Asante War)

Bɛ 1869, European missionary family yɛɛ kpɛ bɛ Kumasi; Asante foɔ yɛɛ welcome nɛ. Bɛ 1873, Britain kpɛɛ Asante land bɛ Dutch claimi, Asante yɛɛ attacki new British protectorate. General Wolseley ne nɛ “Wolseley ring” yɛɛ zɔŋ kpɛ Asante. Lɛ yɛɛ modern war – journalists bie Henry Morton Stanley yɛɛ kpɛɛ reporting; instructions yɛɛ print fo military ne medical. [49]

Asante kpɛɛ negotiations, ba Britain yɛɛ tuoni. Wolseley kpɛ 2,500 British troops ne West Indian ne African troops kpɛ Kumasi. January 1874, wɔɔ bɛ Kumasi, route yɛɛ cleari bɛ Robert Baden-Powell. [51][52] British foɔ yɛɛ wonderi palace size ne zaa ka lɛ kpɛɛ – even books bɛ many languages. [53] Asante foɔ yɛɛ tuon Kumasi kpɛ bloody wuli. British foɔ yɛɛ burni Kumasi. [54]

Bɛ January 1896, Britain yɛɛ annexi Asante Empire formally.

British foɔ ne allies yɛɛ lossi soldiers ne army officers. Asante firepower yɛɛ fewer. Asantehene yɛɛ signi treaty bɛ July 1874, wuli yɛɛ tuoni. [55]

Fourth Anglo–Asante Wuli

(Zɔŋ bie: Fourth Anglo–Asante War)

Bɛ 1895, Asante yɛɛ tuoni British protectorate kpɛ unofficial request. Asante yɛɛ yɛ la kpɛ kpɛ French ne Europeani colonial forces tuoni Asante zɔŋ. Britain yɛɛ plani kpɛɛ full conquest. Wuli yɛɛ start bɛ claim ka Asante foɔ yɛ la tuoni fine bɛ 1874 treaty. British foɔ yɛɛ wini, Asante yɛɛ signi treaty ne yɛɛ British protectorate.

Bɛ December 1895, expedition force zɔŋ bɛ Cape Coast bɛ starti what British calli Third Anglo–Asante War. Asantehene yɛɛ ka Asante foɔ tuoni resistance, yɛɛ kpɔg British reprisals. Governor William Maxwell kpɛ Kumasi, Prempeh I yɛɛ humiliate. [56]

Britain yɛɛ annexi Asante ne Fante land kpɛ Ashanti Crown Colony bɛ 26 September 1901. [3] Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh yɛɛ deposei ne arresti, zɔŋ exile bɛ Seychelles. Asante Union yɛɛ dissolve. [57] British Resident yɛɛ ba permanently bɛ Kumasi, ne British fort yɛɛ buildi kpɛ Kumasi. [58]

Resistance bɛ 1900 ne bɛ 1935

As zaa last resistance, Asante royal foɔ bɛ zɔŋ, bɛ zaa tuoni exile bɛ Seychelles, yɛɛ kpɛ wuli bɛ British Resident bɛ Kumasi Fort. Queen-mother Yaa Asantewaa bɛ Ejisu yɛɛ leadi resistance. Bɛ 28 March to September 1900, Asante ne British kpɛɛ War of the Golden Stool. British foɔ yɛɛ wini; Asantewaa ne royal leaders yɛɛ exile bɛ Seychelles ne Prempeh I.

Bɛ 1935, Britain yɛɛ restorei Asante Confederacy, ba Asantehene yɛɛ controli Asante internal affairs under colonial rule. Bɛ Ghana independence bɛ 1957, Asante Kingdom yɛɛ join Ghana. Asantehene traditional power yɛɛ restorei, ba Kingdom lɛ yɛɛ join Ghana as national state, no as separate union..